tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28143308384703563892024-03-05T17:54:17.372-08:00Ona ExpansivaA blog as expression of a perspective and take on international issues, most specially human rights, conflict situation and other topics worthy of interest and action.
Onada expansiva aims to be a catalyst for internationalist discussion on current issues with our own research and contributions from any other source.
Onada expansiva will be publishing in Catalan, English, Spanish and French.You can also follow us at @OnadaExpansivaUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger105125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2814330838470356389.post-7958335641107563862021-12-23T09:50:00.001-08:002021-12-23T09:53:21.500-08:00La Salut Global que no era o com la pandemia ens ha despullat de certeses i veritats impostades.<h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span>La actual pandèmia ens ha obligat com a individus i societats a replantejar-nos qüestions fonamentals de la nostra existència: prioritats, valors i expectatives s´han vist trasbalsades i capgirades. La sacsejada ha arribat fins a les nocions fonamentals de l´anomenada salut global, elements que davant un fenomen universal, per definició transfronterer i de naturalesa indiscriminada, haurien hagut de servir com a base de tota resposta articulada al voltant de l'interès general i el bé comú. </span></span></span></h4><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwlGweLCo8NlHeDmg7m2U4AEPm_j4G7y4y02LXjgG0detGc44ANWXNiiMXKcrBRHwhfgm8ckcGE40-IRbaX1uput6x-bAVVzIzLYsnA57miFtAqwFNGaaqSilk1pscX9us2a3PoTlusxI/s1440/1440x810_cmsv2_42a776b5-070e-5086-82ed-46e12f45e7fd-5637680.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1440" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwlGweLCo8NlHeDmg7m2U4AEPm_j4G7y4y02LXjgG0detGc44ANWXNiiMXKcrBRHwhfgm8ckcGE40-IRbaX1uput6x-bAVVzIzLYsnA57miFtAqwFNGaaqSilk1pscX9us2a3PoTlusxI/w400-h225/1440x810_cmsv2_42a776b5-070e-5086-82ed-46e12f45e7fd-5637680.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">La presidenta de la <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/index_en" target="_blank">Comissió Europea</a> <span class="c-caption"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" target="_blank">Ursula von der Leyen </a>s´ha caracteritzat des de l´inici de la pandèmia per seguir el dictat del govern alemany especialment en la negociació d´acords exclusius amb la industria farmacèutica i la oposició a mesures per limitar la protecció de drets de propietat intel·lectual en productes necessaris per a la lluita contra la pandèmia. Font de la fotografia </span><span class="c-caption"></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.euronews.com/2021/05/08/eu-seals-deal-with-pfizer-biontech-for-potential-1-8-billion-vaccine-doses" target="_blank">EU seals deal with Pfizer-BioNTech for up to 1.8 billion vaccine doses</a> <a href="https://www.euronews.com" target="_blank">Euronews</a> 8 Maig 2021</span></span><br /><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="CA">La gran majoria
d´actors, des de els Estats a les organitzacions internacionals i la industria
farmacèutica passant per la societat civil organitzada no han estat
capaços de coordinar-se al voltant d´objectius com l'accés universal a
tecnologies sanitàries, la necessitat de prioritzar l´atenció en grups de
població en situació de vulnerabilitat i l´imperatiu moral de compartir
tecnologia i coneixements per acabar amb la pandèmia. </span></span></span></p>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="CA">La manca de cooperació entre
les parts obeeix principalment al fet que aquells països que per capacitat
tècnica i recursos financers tenien una mes gran responsabilitat al
manteniment de la estructura, enlloc de liderar esforços col·lectius de
concertació i diàleg van optar, des de els primers compassos de la
pandèmia, per respondre a les necessitats (i demandes) de les seves poblacions.
Aquest procés d'involució, expressat principalment en el tancament unilateral
de fronteres i la negociació, en condicions poc transparents, de contractes
exclusius (per productes aleshores encara no fase de desenvolupament i no
disponibles) va tenir un impacte profund no només en el tipus de resposta
d´altres actors subordinats (organitzacions intergovernamentals) sinó i
especialment en la capacitat de reacció d´actors secundaris (països
empobrits). </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="CA">Més enllà de les conseqüències
tangibles d´aquestes actuacions unilaterals, com la manca de vacunes
disponibles, les dificultats per accedir a altres elements sanitaris
d´emergència o la impotència de la Organització Mundial de la Salut (OMS)
per a complir el seu mandat, el rebuig de la via multilateral va ser determinant
en la generació d´una narrativa d´excepció que posava els interessos nacionals
per sobre i davant del be comú i l´interès general. </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="CA">Aquesta perspectiva
de la pandèmia com una amenaça que necessita d´una resposta massiva i urgent,
sense temps de conciliar o negociar va ser ràpidament apropiada pels
mitjans de comunicació dels països responsables de posar les seves
agendes y necessitats per davant d' altres països financerament mes dèbils o
amb menor capacitat de resposta. La política d´Estat es va veure reforçada per
el discurs mediàtic, consolidant una agenda essencialment nacional
(supranacional fins a cert punt en el cas de la Unió Europea) no nomes en
contradicció amb una estratègia global i/o universal sinó en oposició frontal.
Tot i les declaracions grandiloqüents i els grans compromisos d´uns i altres,
les accions unilaterals no nomes van agreujar les desigualtats existents entre
països i poblacions.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="CA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: CA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgNGEOnmWKJUHYV8ZjmFP7o_hQgx1RJlc1VrwUUYKg-wnPJ8UgJsy_ApXDZyDsxahi3t6cVkOxn2GRXbyeDa8PbHaY4iTEnNH5EgXHtk9yUF9OZnRu4ispLPtTCU1ikXpR6JZpBiwnjrtF_1cGfwIHi8neX8NaOzLwBEiRAH0wOcYqeyMwKin7OfewL=s720" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="377" data-original-width="720" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgNGEOnmWKJUHYV8ZjmFP7o_hQgx1RJlc1VrwUUYKg-wnPJ8UgJsy_ApXDZyDsxahi3t6cVkOxn2GRXbyeDa8PbHaY4iTEnNH5EgXHtk9yUF9OZnRu4ispLPtTCU1ikXpR6JZpBiwnjrtF_1cGfwIHi8neX8NaOzLwBEiRAH0wOcYqeyMwKin7OfewL=w400-h210" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Alemanya s'ha convertit, en els últims anys, el principal
donant a l’Organització Mundial de la Salut (OMS), part d'una política d’Estat encaminada
a consolidar el seu paper de potència en afers relacionats amb la Salut Global,
com, per exemple producció de productes farmacèutics. Font Foto Michael Sohn /
Pool via Reuters a <a href="https://www.devex.com/news/can-the-new-who-hub-in-berlin-build-trust-for-data-sharing-101527">Can
the new WHO hub in Berlin build trust for data sharing?</a> Devex 2/9/2021</span></p>
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<![endif]--></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="CA" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="CA">La lluita contra la pandèmia
ha esdevingut doncs una extensió de les desiguals relacions de poder e
influència que caracteritzen la comunitat internacional. Darrera les proclames
de solidaritat i cooperació repetides per institucions com la Unió Europea,
països com Alemanya i Estats Units o la pròpia Organització Mundial de la Salut
(OMS) no s’han traduït en fets i als desequilibris estructurals<span> </span>que en àmbits tals com l’accés als
medicaments i altre tecnologies sanitàries separaven els països amb mes
recursos de les nacions empobrides s’han ampliat i aprofundit. </span>
</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="CA">El procés per a aconseguir
l’exempció de l’acord sobre aspectes comercials de la propietat intel·lectual
(TRIPS waiver) sobre tecnologies sanitàries lligades al Covid-19 presentada per
Àfrica del Sud i l Índia a l’octubre de 2020 i bloquejada per la Unió Europea (seguint
iniciativa alemanya), Regne Unit, Suïssa i Japó<span>
</span>tot i comptar amb el suport formal de més de 60 països així com
nombroses organitzacions de la societat civil organitzada a escala global
constitueix un exemple clar de com les estructures i dinàmiques de dominació
romanen, fins i tot en temps de pandèmia global.</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="CA">Nomes els esforços dels <span> </span>països del Sud Global, moviments internacionalistes
i societat civil organitzada podran revertir la dinàmica dictada pel mercat i
les companyies farmacèutiques i tolerada per governs occidentals, organitzacions
internacionals i aquelles institucions i individus que es beneficien de la
status quo, tot negant el caràcter polític de l’accés a medicaments i altres tecnologies
sanitàries. L’accés universal, no es una qüestió de caritat sinó de justícia i
dignitat i nomes la mobilització constant i <span> </span>la confrontació del discurs oficial<span> </span>ens acostarà a una solució acceptable per a
tots i totes. </span></span></span></p><u><b>Més informació<br /></b><br />Al blog</u><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com/2016/11/lindia-farmacia-del-sur-global.html">L'Índia, farmàcia del sur global</a> Novembre 2016</li><li><a href="https://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com/2021/04/a-pandemic-response-lacking-moral.html">A pandemic response lacking moral leadership.</a> Abril 2021</li><li><a href="https://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com/2021/08/el-imperativo-moral-de-prevenir-curar-y.html">El imperativo moral de prevenir, curar y salvar ante el determinismo de beneficios, mercados y patentes</a> Agost 2021</li></ul><p><u>A través de @Onadaexpansiva </u></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><u><span class="r-18u37iz"><a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1cvl2hr r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/PublicHealth?src=hashtag_click" role="link">#PublicHealth</a></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"> </span><span class="r-18u37iz"><a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1cvl2hr r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/EU?src=hashtag_click" role="link">#EU</a></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"> sent </span><span class="r-18u37iz"><a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1cvl2hr r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Nigeria?src=hashtag_click" role="link">#Nigeria</a></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"> up to 1 million near-expired doses of covid-19 vaccine </span><a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1cvl2hr r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://t.co/dXQlmlahsw" rel="noopener noreferrer" role="link" target="_blank"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-hiw28u r-qvk6io r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">https://</span>qz.com/africa/2100629<span aria-hidden="true" class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-hiw28u r-qvk6io r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">/europe-donated-near-expired-doses-of-vaccine-to-african-countries/</span></a><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"></span></u><span class="r-18u37iz"> <a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1cvl2hr r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/missanabeem" role="link">@missanabeem</a></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"></span><span class="r-18u37iz"> <a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1cvl2hr r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/qzafrica" role="link">@qzafrica</a></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"> v</span><span class="r-18u37iz"> <a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1cvl2hr r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/realtahiramin" role="link">@realtahiramin</a></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"></span><span class="r-18u37iz"> <a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1cvl2hr r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/TeamEurope?src=hashtag_click" role="link">#TeamEurope</a> 10/12/21</span></li><li><span class="r-18u37iz"><a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1cvl2hr r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/PublicHealth?src=hashtag_click" role="link">#PublicHealth</a></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"> Unequal global vaccine coverage is at the heart of the current covid-19 crisis </span><a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1cvl2hr r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://t.co/nIQDQ39Ph0" rel="noopener noreferrer" role="link" target="_blank"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-hiw28u r-qvk6io r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">https://</span>bmj.com/content/375/bm<span aria-hidden="true" class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-hiw28u r-qvk6io r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">j.n3074</span></a><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"></span><span class="r-18u37iz"><a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1cvl2hr r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/gregggonsalves" role="link"> @gregggonsalves</a></span><a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1cvl2hr r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://t.co/nXAJA5IQOw" rel="noopener noreferrer" role="link" target="_blank">, L.London</a><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"> &</span><span class="r-18u37iz"> <a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1cvl2hr r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/_HassanF" role="link">@_HassanF</a></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"></span><span class="r-18u37iz"> <a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1cvl2hr r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/bmj_latest" role="link">@bmj_latest</a></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"> v</span><span class="r-18u37iz"> <a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1cvl2hr r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/wimdeceuk" role="link">@wimdeceuk</a></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"></span><span class="r-18u37iz"> <a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1cvl2hr r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/pritikrishtel" role="link">@pritikrishtel</a></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"> </span><span class="r-18u37iz"><a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1cvl2hr r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/TRIPSwaiver?src=hashtag_click" role="link">#TRIPSwaiver</a> 14/12/21<br /></span></li><li><span class="r-18u37iz"><a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1cvl2hr r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/PublicHealth?src=hashtag_click" role="link">#PublicHealth</a></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"> </span><span class="r-18u37iz"><a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1cvl2hr r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Germany?src=hashtag_click" role="link">#Germany</a></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"> If</span><span class="r-18u37iz"><a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1cvl2hr r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/OlafScholz" role="link">@OlafScholz</a></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">is serious about progress, he must back a patent waiver for Covid vaccines </span><a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1cvl2hr r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://t.co/9srLjAQvO2" rel="noopener noreferrer" role="link" target="_blank"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-hiw28u r-qvk6io r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">https://</span>theguardian.com/commentisfree/<span aria-hidden="true" class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-hiw28u r-qvk6io r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">2021/dec/15/olaf-scholz-patent-waiver-covid-vaccines-germany-eu</span></a><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"></span><span class="r-18u37iz"><a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1cvl2hr r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/JosephEStiglitz" role="link">@JosephEStiglitz</a></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"></span><span class="r-18u37iz"><a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1cvl2hr r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/guardian" role="link">@guardian</a></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"> v</span><span class="r-18u37iz"><a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1cvl2hr r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/ElsTorreele" role="link">@ElsTorreele</a></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"></span><span class="r-18u37iz"><a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1cvl2hr r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/TRIPSwaiver?src=hashtag_click" role="link">#TRIPSwaiver</a></span><br /></li></ul><p><u>Altres fonts</u><br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://bhekisisa.org/article/2021-10-12-an-inconvenient-truth-the-real-reason-why-africa-is-not-getting-vaccinated/">An inconvenient truth: The real reason why Africa is not getting vaccinated</a> <a href="https://bhekisisa.org/author/tian-johnson/">Tian Johnson</a>, <a href="https://bhekisisa.org/author/tom-moultrie/">Tom Moultrie</a>, <a href="https://bhekisisa.org/author/gregg-gonsalves/">Gregg Gonsalves</a> and <a href="https://bhekisisa.org/author/fatima-hassan/">Fatima Hassan</a> Bhekisisa 12/10/21 </li><li><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/dec/05/wall-of-secrecy-in-pfizer-contracts-as-company-accused-of-profiteering?CMP=Share_AndroidApp_Other">‘Wall of secrecy’ in Pfizer contracts as company accused of profiteering</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/profile/jon-ungoed-thomas">Jon Ungoed-Thomas</a> Guardian 5/12/21 </li><li><a href="https://www.citizen.org/article/trips-waiver-facts-vs-myths-v2/">Waiver of the WTO’s Intellectual Property Rules: Facts vs. Common Myths v 2.0</a> Public Citizen 12/12/2021</li></ul>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
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<![endif]--></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2814330838470356389.post-60835112142373160232021-08-12T03:50:00.001-07:002021-09-27T01:55:53.279-07:00El imperativo moral de prevenir, curar y salvar ante el determinismo de beneficios, mercados y patentes <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">En esta ocasion me complace compartir un articulo que elaboré para <a href="https://accesojustomedicamento.org/el-imperativo-moral-de-prevenir-curar-y-salvar-ante-el-determinismo-de-beneficios-mercados-y-patentes/">la revista </a>de la Asociación para un Aceso Justo a Medicamentos (<a href="https://accesojustomedicamento.org/">AAJM</a>) acerca de la problemática del acceso a tecnologias sanitarias en un contexto de pandemia global; analizo algunas de las propuestas, identifico los obstaculos y aventuro posibles desenlaces.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNxFImMM7r9iNCO5HqVfUTM2OAqmkA3d1zp2Fq0UkHQerfXMJBTvokRjmYEGvfPe20b9N7xUz6PG-hJWJT0P6Hgqmya3BGtHmfxFzhAkYEuIfpLUu3-pLBfNKbU1h5SCwtQUniYUsE714/s1280/_116930006_vaccine_coverage_projection_robinson_map640-nc-2x-nc.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="878" data-original-width="1280" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNxFImMM7r9iNCO5HqVfUTM2OAqmkA3d1zp2Fq0UkHQerfXMJBTvokRjmYEGvfPe20b9N7xUz6PG-hJWJT0P6Hgqmya3BGtHmfxFzhAkYEuIfpLUu3-pLBfNKbU1h5SCwtQUniYUsE714/w400-h275/_116930006_vaccine_coverage_projection_robinson_map640-nc-2x-nc.png" width="400" /></a></span></div><div class="ssrcss-1lgj0ki-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10" id="main-heading" style="text-align: center;" tabindex="-1"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fuente <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56150755" target="_blank">What's causing vaccine delays in some Asian countries</a>? BBC World 8 Marzo 2021</span><br /></span></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">El acceso a medicamentos y otras tecnologías sanitarias como vacunas o
kits de diagnóstico constituye un eje básico para el cumplimiento del
derecho humano a la salud y uno de los mayores desafíos para su
realización por parte de Estados y actores asociados. Se trata de una
cuestión compleja, con diversas causas y diferentes factores a tener en
cuenta, desde la propia estructura del actual modelo de Investigación y
Desarrollo (I+D), esencialmente mercantilista, a la estructura y estado
de los sistemas nacionales de salud pasando por las desiguales
capacidades para la producción farmacéutica a escala global. El acceso a
medicamentos refleja hasta cierto punto los desequilibrios e
inequidades que caracterizan el ordenamiento político global y se
reproducen en un creciente número de sociedades nacionales.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></p><a name='more'></a><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Desde
Health Action International (<a href="www.haiweb.org " target="_blank">HAI</a>) llevamos cuatro décadas centrados en
mejorar las condiciones de acceso a medicamentos de todos y todas
aquellos y aquellas que puedan necesitarlo durante el tiempo que sea
necesario en condiciones óptimas y asequibles. Es la nuestra una visión
holística del ciclo del medicamento que busca una interpretación
coherente de las diversas etapas del proceso: investigación, desarrollo,
producción, suministro y acceso. En todas ellas se hace necesaria una
perspectiva que, desde la sociedad civil independiente, asegure el
interés común, sea este la salud pública o la dignidad humana.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">En
un contexto como en el actual, donde una pandemia de escala global
amenaza por igual a Norte y Sur resulta pertinente resaltar que muchos
de los elementos que hoy nos preocupan respecto a la producción,
suministro y acceso a vacunas no son nuevos ni se dan en el vacío. Se
trata, en su mayoría, de elementos estructurales que vienen afectando
las condiciones de acceso a tecnologías sanitarias para millones de
personas, a menudo con consecuencias finales.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Distinguimos en
primer lugar la falta de jerarquía de las necesidades sanitarias de las
mayorías en una agenda de I+D biofarmacéutica marcada por los retornos
comerciales; fenómeno acentuado en la última década con las fusiones de
grandes compañías farmacéuticas y la creciente influencia del capital
financiero especulativo en el mercado farmacéutico. Se conoce como
fallos de mercado, aquellas áreas que no abrigan presunto beneficio para
las compañías farmacéuticas sean antibióticos o, hasta febrero de 2019,
vacunas.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">El segundo elemento en consideración son los Derechos de
Propiedad Intelectual, reconocidos en patentes concedidas por
autoridades estatales, cuya protección y explotación son no solo parte
integral del actual modelo de I+D sino igualmente un factor clave para
entender algunos movimientos empresariales en el sector farmacéutico en
los últimos quince años: no se adquieren o fusionan empresas, se
controlan patentes y el capital que antaño se dedicaba a la
investigación ahora puede ser destinado a adquirir los derechos de
explotación de una molécula desarrollada por otra empresa menor.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">La
explotación de los derechos de propiedad intelectual constituye
actualmente parte de la estrategia empresarial de las compañías
farmacéuticas. Así, lo que en su origen se concibió como una recompensa a
la innovación se ha convertido en un obstáculo para el acceso a
medicamentos y otras tecnologías sanitarias debido al uso excesivo y
abusivo por parte de los titulares de las patentes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Resulta
necesario destacar como los intentos de países del Sur global,
acompañados por la sociedad civil organizada, para conciliar de alguna
manera sus necesidades sanitarias con los dictados del comercio mundial
expresados a través de los acuerdos fundacionales de la Organización
Mundial del Comercio (<a href="http://www.wto.org" target="_blank">OMC</a>) como el Acuerdo sobre los Derechos de
Propiedad Intelectual aplicados al comercio (<a href="https://www.wto.org/spanish/tratop_s/trips_s/trips_s.htm" target="_blank">ADPIC</a>) no han dado frutos
satisfactorios a pesar de hitos como la Declaración de Doha de 2001. La
utilización por parte de países con menores ingresos de excepciones
(conocidas como flexibilidades) reconocidas en el acuerdo es, en la gran
mayoría de los casos, entorpecida y objeto de presiones por parte de la
industria farmacéutica y países afines, en ocasiones por fuera de los
conductos institucionales de arreglo de diferendos en el seno de la OMC.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">El
tercer y último elemento que contribuye a entender la actual tesitura
se refiere a la falta de transparencia que de forma endémica afecta a
elementos claves del ecosistema farmacéutico como son precios de
medicamentos y vacunas, agudizada con la la consolidación de nuevos
modelos de contrato para la compra de medicamentos y tecnologías
sanitaria desde la comercialización de Sofosbuvir. En un mercado
caracterizado por enormes asimetrías de información, las compañías
farmacéuticas se benefician, en la negociación con Estados y
organizaciones, de la ausencia de información fiable sobre los precios
ofertado. Igualmente, no es posible comprobar de manera independiente
las razones que la industria esgrime para justificar los altos precios
como son los recursos financieros supuestamente invertidos en su
desarrollo.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">A estas condiciones, que podríamos considerar
preexistentes, se le han añadido dos fenómenos interrelacionados que,
sin ser nuevos, sí han adquirido un relieve mayúsculo. Por un lado, la
debilidad de las estructuras multilaterales de gobierno y deliberación
sobre salud global especialmente la Organización Mundial de la Salud,
por el otro la consolidación de nuevos modelos institucionales de
intervención caracterizados por una contribución y presencia creciente
del sector privado en detrimento del monopolio de Estados y la
participación de la sociedad civil. La pandemia ha colocado a
organizaciones como <a href="https://cepi.net/" target="_blank">CEPI </a>o <a href="https://www.gavi.org/" target="_blank">GAVI </a>en el centro de la respuesta global, muy
especialmente con la puesta en funcionamiento de la <a href="https://www.gavi.org/covax-facility?gclid=CjwKCAjwjdOIBhA_EiwAHz8xm9nTtfOAh_ljqa1dqXsRT579BhnR81pf3ZPitZa4E4KRJ7eNWrEo4BoCo44QAvD_BwE">iniciativa Covax</a>.
Por último, cabría añadir otro factor que ha afectado de manera
sustantiva la capacidad de respuesta global a la pandemia y es la
profunda (y en ocasiones desacomplejada) falta de solidaridad real
mostrada por aquellos países con mayores capacidades financieras quienes
se aseguraron el acceso a millones de dosis de vacunas cuando estas aun
estaban en fase de desarrollo.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Desde HAI hemos mantenido desde los primeros compases de esta crisis la necesidad de una respuesta concertada entre todos losactores,
a escala global y anclada en los principios morales de dignidad,
igualdad y solidaridad recogidos en los principales instrumentos
internacionales para la protección y defensa de los derechos humanos.
Nuestro mensaje sobre asegurar el acceso a vacunas y otras tecnologías
sanitarias a personal de salud y otras poblaciones en situación de
vulnerabilidad en otros continentes era y sigue siendo más urgente que
la situación de franjas poblacionales sin riesgo añadido en nuestras
comunidades y Estados vecinos no ha conseguido transpirar la discusión
pública, ni el contexto holandés ni el ámbito europeo. Tal fracaso
debería constituir un motivo de reflexión sobre el papel y capacidad de
la sociedad civil en las sociedades occidentales.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Hay que valorar
aquellas iniciativas que han intentado responder a la excepcionalidad de
la pandemia con nuevas formas de intervenir, gestionar y actual sobre
los factores previamente enumerados. destacaríamos dos: en primer lugar
el establecimiento por parte de la OMS de la plataforma para la gestión
mancomunada de Tecnologías para el Covid-19 (<a href="https://www.who.int/initiatives/covid-19-technology-access-pool" target="_blank">C-TAP</a>), una propuesta de
Costa Rica, apoyada por cerca de 40 países así como institutos de
investigación y Organizaciones no Gubernamentales, que busca aglutinar
aquellos conocimientos, informaciones y datos necesarios para la
producción de vacunas, medicamentos y test de diagnóstico, su
licenciamiento y aumentar exponencialmente las capacidades de
manufactura una vez superados los límites impuestos por patentes y otras
formas de protección de propiedad intelectual; en segundo lugar, el
proyecto presentado en Octubre de 2020 en la Organización Mundial del
Comercio (OMC) por parte de la India y Sudáfrica de una propuesta para
una exención temporal sobre la aplicación del algunos artículos del
ADPIC sobre la producción, comercio y distribución de tecnología
sanitarias necesarias para la lucha contra la pandemia. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Resulta muy
ilustrativo observar la evolución de ambos procesos para comprender las
razones subyacentes al actual desequilibrio en el acceso a las vacunas y
la prolongación de la pandemia a causa del mismo: C-TAP ha sido
duramente criticado por la industria farmacéutica que le ha negado toda
colaboración , y la misma OMS parece asumir que el proyecto se
encuentra, en el corto plazo, con serias dificultades para su
implementación. El proyecto de exención cuenta ya con el apoyo formal de
57 países, numerosas organizaciones de la sociedad civil de todo el
mundo así como representantes electos de ámbito estatal y regional, solo
la oposición férrea y tácticas dilatorias de un reducido conjunto de
países encabezados por la Unión Europea, Reino Unido y Estados Unidos
han impedido que las negociaciones superen el intercambio de argumentos
para acometer la discusión sustantiva sobre cómo adaptar el acuerdo
ADPIC a las necesidades de la mayoría de los países a expensas, si fuera
necesario, de los intereses de la industria farmacéutica. Es esta una
discusión que no se circunscribe a las negociaciones en curso y va más
allá de la actual pandemia: es una conversación pendiente sobre los
efectos secundarios del periodo acelerado de globalización financiera y
comercial. Un dialogo necesario para esclarecer bajo que normas y en que
escenarios deben ser discutidos, examinados y resueltos aquellos
desafíos que si bien afectan por igual a Norte y Sur impactan de forma
más notable en los países empobrecidos.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>En definitiva, nos
encontramos ante una encrucijada donde la diferencia entre (otra)
oportunidad perdida y un paso adelante en el bienestar común radicara en
la voluntad política de los gobiernos y la capacidad de movilización de
la sociedad civil para azuzarla. En juego está no solo la salud y
dignidad de millones sino igualmente con qué tipo de sociedad, basada en
que valores aspiramos a salir de esta crisis. Desde HAI nuestro
diagnostico es claro: tenemos un compromiso moral para garantizar que el
acceso a tecnologías sanitarias en condiciones adecuadas durante el
tiempo necesario y económicamente sostenible sea una realidad.</b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><u>Más información</u></b></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><u>En el blog </u><b> </b> </span></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/#">Muchas batallas, algunas victorias y demasiadas victimas. Una década de combate contra la Hepatitis.</a> Octubre 2016</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/#">L'Índia, farmàcia del sur global</a> Noviembre 2016</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com/2021/04/a-pandemic-response-lacking-moral.html">A pandemic response lacking moral leadership.</a> Abril 2021</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><u>Otras fuentes</u><br /></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/#">Por qué el monopolio de las vacunas impide el acceso equitativo de los países más pobres</a> <a href="https://draft.blogger.com/#">Nando Ochando</a> <a href="https://draft.blogger.com/#">El Diario</a> 24 Enero 2021 </span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/#">Los países opositores deben dejar de obstruir las negociaciones sobre la exención de los ADPIC en la OMC</a> Medicos Sin Fronteras (<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/#">MSF</a>) 27 Julio 2021</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/#">Acceso a las vacunas, razón de derechos humanos </a>Maria Luisa Carcedo <a href="https://draft.blogger.com/#">Revista de la Asociacion por el Acceso Justo a Medicamentos</a> (AAJM) No. 4 Junio 2021 </span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><u> A traves de @OnadaExpansiva</u></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u> </u><span class="r-18u37iz"><a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1n1174f r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/SaludPublica?src=hashtag_click" role="link">#SaludPublica</a></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"> El negocio de las vacunas: financiación pública y rentabilidad privada </span><a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1n1174f r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://t.co/HV95JZycfF?amp=1" rel="noopener noreferrer" role="link" target="_blank"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-hiw28u r-qvk6io r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">https://</span>lamarea.com/2021/05/26/vac<span aria-hidden="true" class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-hiw28u r-qvk6io r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">unas-financiacion-publica-y-rentabilidad-privada/</span></a><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"></span><span class="r-18u37iz"> <a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1n1174f r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/DaniDominguezRo" role="link">@DaniDominguezRo</a></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"></span><span class="r-18u37iz"> <a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1n1174f r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/lamarea_com" role="link">@lamarea_com</a> 28 de Mayo 2021 1 Junio 2021</span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"></span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u> </u><span class="r-18u37iz"><a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1n1174f r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/SaludPublica?src=hashtag_click" role="link">#SaludPublica</a></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"> El ‘apartheid’ vacunal es un espejo del </span><span class="r-18u37iz"><a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1n1174f r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/capitalismo?src=hashtag_click" role="link">#capitalismo</a></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"> neoliberal </span><a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1n1174f r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://t.co/X5zVbOMxnu?amp=1" rel="noopener noreferrer" role="link" target="_blank"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-hiw28u r-qvk6io r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">https://</span>ctxt.es/es/20210501/Fi<span aria-hidden="true" class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-hiw28u r-qvk6io r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">rmas/36123/apartheid-vacunas-covid-capitalismo-Joan-Benach.htm</span></a><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"></span><span class="r-18u37iz"> <a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1n1174f r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/joan_benach" role="link">@joan_benach</a></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"></span><span class="r-18u37iz"> <a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1n1174f r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/ctxt_es" role="link">@ctxt_es</a></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"> v</span><span class="r-18u37iz"> <a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1n1174f r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/IcariaEditorial" role="link">@IcariaEditorial</a></span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u> </u><span class="r-18u37iz"><a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1n1174f r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/SaludPublica?src=hashtag_click" role="link">#SaludPublica</a></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"> Repensando la fabricación mundial y local de productos médicos tras el COVID-19 </span><a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1n1174f r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://t.co/LrJ8SFaPpI?amp=1" rel="noopener noreferrer" role="link" target="_blank"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-hiw28u r-qvk6io r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">https://</span>southcentre.int/documento-de-i<span aria-hidden="true" class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-hiw28u r-qvk6io r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">nvestigacion-118-junio-2021/</span></a><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"></span><span class="r-18u37iz"> <a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1n1174f r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/scgva2011" role="link">@scgva2011</a></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"></span><span class="r-18u37iz"> <a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1n1174f r-1loqt21 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/South_Centre" role="link">@South_Centre</a> 21 Junio 2021</span></span></span></li></ul><p><span class="r-18u37iz"> </span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"></span></p><p> <br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b> </b></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2814330838470356389.post-25871813250083259662021-04-25T03:41:00.012-07:002021-08-12T03:26:27.430-07:00A pandemic response lacking moral leadership.<div style="text-align: justify;"> Post originally <a href="https://haiweb.org/a-pandemic-response-lacking-moral-leadership/">published</a> in Health Action International (<a href="https://haiweb.org/a-pandemic-response-lacking-moral-leadership/">HAI</a>) page in March 2021</div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b> </b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>In October 2020, eight months after COVID-19 was declared a pandemic, India and South Africa submitted a <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">proposal</a> for a temporary waiver on certain articles of the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">TRIPS Agreement</a>. This so-called TRIPS waiver would cover patents, industrial designs and copyright among other Intellectual Property (IP) protection elements of COVID-19-related health technologies, including vaccines </b></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic5HDMFtkzdpX7IGDbXZkfJdN1l-xvOBe7M7EiAP5Fre4RdxMP2tIO4zlhrFef_cPSx2GB2Ep7I-WY08jgt3fXo2Vx3sKDse3RIEg4tZh2V2CEZocKvfufq8jb-AnEqvzl_qsMdlYJwuA/s1024/TRIPS-Waiver_-Opponent-Supporters-1024x724.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="724" data-original-width="1024" height="323" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic5HDMFtkzdpX7IGDbXZkfJdN1l-xvOBe7M7EiAP5Fre4RdxMP2tIO4zlhrFef_cPSx2GB2Ep7I-WY08jgt3fXo2Vx3sKDse3RIEg4tZh2V2CEZocKvfufq8jb-AnEqvzl_qsMdlYJwuA/w400-h323/TRIPS-Waiver_-Opponent-Supporters-1024x724.png" title="Map of support for TRIPS waiver source People´s Health Movement" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Support for the TRIPS waiver has extended through the Global South while wealthier countries remain fiercely opposed to even discussing the merits of the proposal. <b>Source </b><br /></span><header class="entry-header"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://phm-na.org/es/2021/02/rich-countries-must-join-the-world-in-supporting-the-trips-waiver-to-end-the-pandemic/" target="_blank"> Rich countries must join the world in supporting the TRIPS waiver to end the pandemic</a> People´s Health Movement.</span><br />
</header></div>
<div class="page-title">
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The idea has since
been welcomed and supported by many governments at WTO (57 are now co-sponsors),
civil society from across the world, and other stakeholders, such as
researchers and economists. Yet it has been met with a mixture of incredulity
and hostility from pharma and a small group of countries, who have spared no
effort to stifle any debate on the merits of the proposal.</p><span><a name='more'></a></span>
<p style="text-align: justify;">While those opposing it have touted their contributions to the <a href="https://www.who.int/initiatives/act-accelerator/covax">COVAX</a>
facility and, in some cases, their support for the World Health
Organization (WHO) COVID-19 Technologies Access Pool (C-TAP) as evidence
of their commitment to a universal and equitable response to the
pandemic, their actual record is more nuanced. The COVAX facility is
struggling to procure vaccines for developing countries due, in part, to
the limited manufacturing capabilities of patent-holder pharmaceutical
companies, the same pharmaceutical companies who have scorned C-TAP
without any of the governments who pledged support intervening or
calling them out. </p>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">Member States Failing to Speak-up</h4>
<p style="text-align: justify;">It is very unfortunate that European Union (EU) Member States have
not raised their voices or expressed dissatisfaction with the role
played by the European Commission, which continues to block the TRIPS
waiver. What is more, it is of serious concern that the EU Council has
purportedly neither discussed nor addressed the substantive issues of
the proposal. In any case, it will be a matter of historical record how
two of the institutional pillars of the EU did not heed the calls from
the third, the European Parliament, whose democratically elected Members
have repeatedly voiced <a href="https://haiweb.org/mps-and-meps-call-for-trips-waiver/">support for the waiver</a>
and raised concerns about the lack of accountability throughout the EU
Executive’s entire management of the response to the pandemic.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Diversionary
tactics and misleading statements from governments opposed to the waiver have
not contributed to the meaningful dialogue needed to find common, mutually
satisfying, ground. Instead, precious time has been wasted while thousands have
died. The fact that those countries opposing the waiver are the very same countries
that have hoarded enough vaccine doses to immunise their own citizens many
times over while healthcare workers and at-risk groups in the Global South are waiting
for surplus or discarded doses to trickle down is, frankly, grotesque. And it cannot
be excused nor be forgotten. </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">It is not too
late for the EU to amend a misguided policy position and restore at least part
of the moral leadership lost in the contradiction between hefty words of
solidarity and global public goods and the cold facts of EU-first vaccinations
and export controls. The EU can and should do better.</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><p style="text-align: left;"><u><b>More Info</b></u></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b>In the blog </b></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com/2016/11/lindia-farmacia-del-sur-global.html">L'Índia, farmàcia del sur global</a> November 2016</li><li><a href="https://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com/2016/10/muchas-batallas-algunas-victorias-y.html">Muchas batallas, algunas victorias y demasiadas victimas. Una década de combate contra la Hepatitis.</a> October 2016</li><li><a href="https://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com/2015/06/asamblea-mundial-de-la-saludescenario.html">Asamblea Mundial de la Salud: escenario, luces y sombras</a> June 2015</li></ul><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: left;">Other sources</h3><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">EU risks global public health in its protection of big </a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">pharma monopolies</a> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">Corporate Europe Observatory</a> March 2021</li><li><a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">MPs and MEPs Call for TRIPS Waiver </a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">Health Action International </a>March 2021</li><li><a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">Vaccines and patents: how self-interest and artificial scarcity weaken human solidaritySiva Thambisetty. </a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">LSE British Politics and Policy</a> London School of Economics February 2021<b> </b></li></ul><b> </b><br /><b>@OnadaExpansiva tweets (#TRIPSwaiver)</b><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/PublicHealth?src=hashtag_click">#PublicHealth</a> The Pandemic Can’t End While Wealthy Nations Hoard Shots <a href="https://t.co/BFezCInbTy?amp=1">https://wired.com/story/the-pandemic-cant-end-while-wealthy-nations-hoard-shots/</a><a href="https://twitter.com/marynmck">@marynmck</a><a href="https://twitter.com/WIRED"> @WIRED</a> v<a href="https://twitter.com/annabarryjester">@annabarryjester</a><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/TRIPSwaiver?src=hashtag_click">#TRIPSwaiver</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/equity?src=hashtag_click">#equity</a> March 2021</li><li> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/PublicHealth?src=hashtag_click">#PublicHealth</a> It’s time to consider a patent reprieve for COVID vaccines <a href="https://twitter.com/NatureNews">https://nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00863-w?utm_source=twt_nnc&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=naturenews @NatureNews</a> editorial v<a href="https://twitter.com/pritikrishtel"> @pritikrishtel</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/TRIPSwaiver?src=hashtag_click">#TRIPSwaiver</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Momentum?src=hashtag_click">#Momentum</a></li><li> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/PublicHealth?src=hashtag_click">#PublicHealth</a> Patents & other IP protection mechanisms prevent universal equitable access to Covid-19 vaccines & other health technologies <a href="https://t.co/qwnVNGl9Ix?amp=1">https://mondediplo.com/2021/03/13vaccines</a> F.Pierru,<a href="https://twitter.com/F_Stambach"> @F_Stambach</a> J. Vernaudon<a href="https://twitter.com/LMdiplo"> @LMdiplo</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/TRIPSwaiver?src=hashtag_click">#TRIPSwaiver</a></li></ul><div class="css-1dbjc4n r-xoduu5"><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0"></span></div><p> </p></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2814330838470356389.post-54011542745473099682016-12-31T10:06:00.000-08:002017-02-22T04:22:26.088-08:00Justicia privatizada.El Estado español y los mecanismos de resolución de controversias inversor-Estado<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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--></style><a href="http://omal.info/IMG/pdf/justicia_privatizada_-_informe_final.pdf"><span style="mso-bookmark: mot790_0;"><b><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"></span></b></span><span style="mso-bookmark: mot790_0;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: mot790_0;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"></span></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-bookmark: mot790_0;">Está disponible en la
sección <a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/p/reports-informes-recursos.html">Reports/Informes/Recursos</a> "<a href="http://omal.info/IMG/pdf/justicia_privatizada_-_informe_final.pdf">La Justicia Privatizada. El Estado español y los mecanismos de resolución inversor-Estado</a>” elaborado por Beatriz Plaza y Pedro
Ramiro (@pramiro_) del Observatorio de Multinacionales de América Latina (</span><a href="http://www.omal.info/"><span style="mso-bookmark: mot790_0;">OMAL</span><span style="mso-bookmark: mot790_0;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: mot790_0;"> @OMAL_info) y editado
por </span><a href="http://www.ecologistasenaccion.org/article19071.html"><span style="mso-bookmark: mot790_0;">Ecologistas en Acción</span><span style="mso-bookmark: mot790_0;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: mot790_0;">. El informe analiza
los resortes jurídicos, especialmente los mecanismos de resolución de
controversias entre Inversores y Estados, que permiten a empresas
transnacionales y otros actores privados limitar y coartar las acciones de los
poderes públicos, en ocasiones incluso en detrimento del interés común.
Destacar como acuerdos como </span><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2014/11/associacio-transatlantica-de-comerc-i.html"><span style="mso-bookmark: mot790_0;">TTIP</span><span style="mso-bookmark: mot790_0;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: mot790_0;">, el </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuerdo_Integral_de_Econom%C3%ADa_y_Comercio"><span style="mso-bookmark: mot790_0;">CETA</span><span style="mso-bookmark: mot790_0;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: mot790_0;"> y el </span><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/07/tisa-penultima-amenaca-als-nostres.html"><span style="mso-bookmark: mot790_0;">TiSA</span><span style="mso-bookmark: mot790_0;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: mot790_0;"> incorporan dichos mecanismos de resolución de
controversias. <span style="font-size: x-small;">Adjuntamos el resumen ejecutivo con hyperlinks a instituciones y
casos relevantes e información de contexto.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhtRdIA2wNUSGOuMDNvo_jPXDi_YftHYlygemJ-b9wSAQgHoEs5CFJgZsCTN3Wi_Z-ueo7S1kUdiiTEqF-wDx5pq7rciGpFh5lx_8TBUq32prl9EOn3KKgOs_xqr9NU7SdAKuHinBJwIM/s1600/captura_de_pantalla_2016-06-21_a_las_14.16.191-610x336.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhtRdIA2wNUSGOuMDNvo_jPXDi_YftHYlygemJ-b9wSAQgHoEs5CFJgZsCTN3Wi_Z-ueo7S1kUdiiTEqF-wDx5pq7rciGpFh5lx_8TBUq32prl9EOn3KKgOs_xqr9NU7SdAKuHinBJwIM/s400/captura_de_pantalla_2016-06-21_a_las_14.16.191-610x336.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-bookmark: mot790_0;">¿Será que es posible
que las compañías multinacionales puedan llevar ante la justicia internacional
a Estados soberanos cuyas políticas puedan tener un efecto restrictivo sobre
sus beneficios y sean contrarias a sus intereses privados? Y tanto que sí: esa
es, precisamente, la función que desde hace varias décadas cumplen los
tribunales de arbitraje como el Centro Internacional de Arreglo de Diferencias
relativas a Inversiones (</span><a href="https://icsid.worldbank.org/sp/Pages/about/default.aspx"><span style="mso-bookmark: mot790_0;">CIADI</span><span style="mso-bookmark: mot790_0;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: mot790_0;"></span>).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Uno de los aspectos más destacables de la fortaleza de la
lex mercatoria es la existencia de tribunales arbitrales internacionales. Y es
que estos tribunales, caracterizados por la efectividad de sus laudos, juegan
un papel fundamental en la arquitectura jurídica de la impunidad: dotar de
plena seguridad jurídica a las inversiones realizadas por las multinacionales
frente a los Estados receptores. Para ello, en los tratados comerciales y en
los acuerdos de promoción y protección recíproca de las inversiones suele
incluirse la obligación de someterse al arbitraje de controversias entre los
Estados y los inversores extranjeros; es el mecanismo conocido como ISDS, por
sus siglas en inglés.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">La Corte Permanente de Arbitraje (<a href="https://pca-cpa.org/es/home/">CPA</a>) con sede en La Haya, la <a href="http://www.iccwbo.org/about-icc/organization/dispute-resolution-services/icc-international-court-of-arbitration/">corte
de arbitraje</a> de la <a href="http://www.iccwbo.org/">Cámara de Comercio
Internacional</a>, la Comisión de Naciones Unidas para el Derecho Mercantil
Internacional (<a href="http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/es/index.html">UNCITRAL</a>),
el <a href="https://www.wto.org/spanish/tratop_s/dispu_s/dispu_s.htm">Sistema
de Solución de Diferencias</a> de la <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="mot1078_1"></a><a href="http://www.cadtm.org/Organizacion-Mundial-del-Comercio"><span style="mso-bookmark: mot1078_1;">OMC</span><span style="mso-bookmark: mot1078_1;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: mot1078_1;"></span>, el Centro de Arbitraje Internacional de
Hong Kong (<a href="https://www.wto.org/spanish/tratop_s/dispu_s/dispu_s.htm">HKIAC</a>),
el Instituto de Arbitraje de la Cámara de Comercio de Estocolmo (<a href="http://www.sccinstitute.com/">SCC</a>), el Centro Internacional para el
Arreglo de Diferencias relativas a Inversiones (CIADI) del <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="mot762_2"></a><a href="http://www.bancomundial.org/"><span style="mso-bookmark: mot762_2;">Banco
Mundial</span><span style="mso-bookmark: mot762_2;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: mot762_2;"></span>… Todos estos tribunales privados se
constituyen como una especie de sistema paralelo al poder judicial,
favoreciendo a las grandes empresas al margen de los poderes judiciales
nacionales e internacionales. <a href="http://investmentpolicyhub.unctad.org/Publications/Details/144">Según</a>
la <a href="http://unctad.org/es/paginas/Home.aspx">UNCTAD</a>, mientras en
1996 apenas había 38 disputas inversor-Estado, en 2016 ya hay 696 casos
conocidos.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">El hecho de que en los tratados comerciales y acuerdos de
inversión, tanto en los firmados en las pasadas décadas como en los que se hoy
se están negociando —como el <a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2014/11/associacio-transatlantica-de-comerc-i.html">TTIP</a>,
el <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuerdo_Integral_de_Econom%C3%ADa_y_Comercio">CETA</a>
y el <a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/07/tisa-penultima-amenaca-als-nostres.html">TiSA</a>—
se incorpore el recurso a estos tribunales arbitrales como el principal
mecanismo de resolución de conflictos entre los grandes inversores y los
Estados representa una amenaza para el pleno ejercicio de la democracia, la
soberanía y los derechos sociales. Que una minera canadiense, por poner un caso
actual, amenace con demandar al Estado español ante el CIADI —a través de una
filial suya en Panamá y acogiéndose al tratado bilateral de inversiones entre
ambos países— porque le sea denegada la licencia para explotar una <a href="http://www.publico.es/sociedad/canadienses-exigen-espana-indemnizacion-mina.html">mina
de oro a cielo abierto en Corcoesto</a> (Galicia) certifica que las empresas
transnacionales disponen de un poder jurídico que les hace situarse por encima
de los Estados y la ciudadanía.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Uno de los casos de arbitraje más conocidos es el de
Repsol, que en 2012 presentó ante el CIADI una solicitud de arbitraje contra la
República de Argentina, amparándose en el <a href="https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1992-25449">Tratado
Bilateral de Inversiones firmado por España y Argentina</a> en 1991, por la
expropiación por parte del gobierno de Cristina Fernández del 51% de la que
hasta entonces había sido su filial YPF. Pero este caso, que se resolvió dos
años después con un <a href="http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20140526/cronologia-sobre-conflicto-entre-gobierno-argentino-ypf/516536.shtml">acuerdo
amistoso entre las partes</a> —según <a href="http://economia.elpais.com/economia/2014/04/24/actualidad/1398331211_052345.html">el
cual</a> el gobierno argentino entregaba a la multinacional petrolera títulos
de <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="mot1048_3">deuda</a> pública por valor de 5.000 millones de dólares
más un paquete nominal de otros 1.000 millones, junto con el disentimiento
mutuo de las acciones legales interpuestas y la renuncia a nuevas
reclamaciones—, no ha sido, ni mucho menos, el único en que una empresa
española ha recurrido al CIADI cuando ha visto peligrar sus inversiones en
otros países.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">En total, han sido una treintena
las veces en que las multinacionales españolas han recurrido al CIADI; en el
90% de los casos, estas demandas se han dirigido a países de América Latina
—sobre todo a Argentina, Venezuela, México y Ecuador—,la región donde “nuestras
empresas” se han convertido en grandes trasnacionales. <a href="http://www.elconfidencial.com/empresas/2016-10-05/gas-natural-gobierno-colombia-santos-ciadi-fraude-1-100-millones-en-colombia_1270890/">Gas
Natural</a> Fenosa, <a href="https://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/FrontServlet?requestType=CasesRH&actionVal=showDoc&docId=DC693_Sp&caseId=C19">Aguas
de Barcelona</a>, <a href="https://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/FrontServlet?requestType=CasesRH&actionVal=showDoc&docId=DC3672_Sp&caseId=C2260">Telefónica</a>,
<a href="https://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/FrontServlet?requestType=CasesRH&actionVal=showDoc&docId=DC5374_Sp&caseId=C582">Iberdrola,</a>
<a href="http://www.europapress.es/economia/noticia-abertis-denuncia-argentina-ciadi-desequilibrios-autopistas-pais-20151221182505.html">Abertis</a>
y <a href="http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/italaw3187.pdf">Abengoa</a>
figuran también en la lista de multinacionales de matriz española que, en las
dos últimas décadas, han presentado solicitudes de arbitraje internacional ante
el CIADI.</span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Por citar solo uno de estos casos
a modo de ejemplo: Abengoa, en consorcio con <a href="https://www.cofides.es/en/index.php">COFIDES</a> —una compañía financiera
dedicada a ofrecer apoyo a los proyectos de inversión privados de empresas
españolas en el exterior—, logró que el CIADI dictara <a href="http://economia.elpais.com/economia/2013/06/11/agencias/1370983648_240656.html">un
laudo a su favor</a> tras la paralización del funcionamiento de una planta de
gestión de residuos industriales peligrosos ubicada en el parque natural Los
Mármoles, en el municipio de Zimapán, en el estado de Hidalgo (México), en una
zona que fue declarada área protegida por la UNESCO. En la sentencia del
tribunal de arbitraje se dictaminó que, a cambio de que Abengoa restituyese la
propiedad del territorio donde se construyó la planta al Estado mexicano, la
empresa fuera indemnizada con 31,1 millones de euros por los beneficios dejados
de obtener después de que las instituciones estatales —tras un fuerte proceso
de movilización social en su contra— decretaran el cierre definitivo de la
planta.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">A la vez que las transnacionales
españolas han utilizado el Derecho Corporativo Global para demandar a otros
países ante los tribunales internacionales de arbitraje, España ha pasado a
estar en los últimos años entre los países del mundo que más demandas ante el
CIADI han recibido; concretamente, ocupa el cuarto lugar del ranking con un
total de 26 casos. De todas estas reclamaciones, únicamente dos han sido
concluidas; el resto han sido interpuestas en los tres últimos años
—especialmente en 2015, año en que se han interpuesto 15 casos de demandas a
España ante el tribunal de arbitraje del Banco Mundial— y están relacionadas
con los recortes efectuados por los sucesivos gobiernos españoles, entre 2010 y
2012, a las <a href="http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20160816/espana-suma-ya-27-arbitrajes-internacionales-ante-ciadi-recortes-renovables/1387100.shtml">subvenciones
al sector de las energías renovables</a>. En todos estos casos, el instrumento
invocado como referencia para iniciar el proceso de arbitraje ha sido el <a href="http://www.energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Legal/ECT-es.pdf">Tratado
de la Carta de la Energía.</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Este tratado, firmado a mediados
de los años noventa con los objetivos de garantizar el suministro de
hidrocarburos a la Unión Europea y de potenciar el sector energético de los
países de Europa central, ha sido utilizado como referencia por un conglomerado
de grandes inversores —entre los que destacan diferentes multinacionales de la
energía, entidades financieras y fondos privados de inversión— para ir
demandando al Estado español ante el CIADI por “una expropiación indirecta de
los beneficios que según sus cálculos (estimatorios) podrían haber obtenido con
la legislación de partida sobre la cual se basaron para invertir” (<a href="http://isds.bilaterals.org/?espana-acumula-23-demandas-de">Fuente</a>).
Es decir: hicieron inversiones puramente especulativas en el sector de las
renovables esperando obtener altas rentabilidades gracias a las primas que
otorgaba el Estado y, cuando se recortaron dichas subvenciones, pasaron a utilizar
los instrumentos que les brinda la <i>lex mercatoria</i> para reclamar el lucro
cesante.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Este caso es relevante, además,
porque representa un ejemplo de cómo los gobiernos están tomando decisiones y
regulando a favor de las grandes corporaciones a pesar de que, aparentemente,
parezca todo lo contario. Dicho de otro modo: el gobierno español ha recortado
las primas a la producción de electricidad mediante paneles fotovoltaicos y eso
ha afectado, fundamentalmente, a los pequeños productores y a las pymes de ese
sector, no así a los intereses del oligopolio eléctrico que han sido
favorecidos; al mismo tiempo, no parece que los grandes fondos de inversión
vayan a salir perdiendo demasiado porque, si prosperan sus demandas ante el
CIADI, van a poder importantes indemnizaciones a cuenta del presupuesto
público.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">En este contexto, para
reinterpretar esta arquitectura jurídica de la impunidad que se ha venido
construyendo globalmente en torno a los tratados de “libre comercio” y a los
tribunales internacionales de arbitraje, pueden proponerse alternativas como
las siguientes: denunciar los tratados comerciales —bilaterales, regionales y
multilaterales— cuando concluyan su vigencia; no ratificar ningún tratado
propuesto desde la asimetría contractual y al margen de los derechos humanos;
abandonar el CIADI —como ya han hecho diferentes países latinoamericanos como <a href="http://www.uruguay.attac.org/Documentos/varios/ciadi.htm">Bolivia</a>, <a href="http://www.ictsd.org/bridges-news/puentes/news/ecuador-finiquita-convenio-con-el-ciadi">Ecuador</a>
y <a href="https://www.urjc.es/images/ceib/revista_electronica/vol_5_2011_2/REIB_05_02_doc02.pdf">Venezuela</a>—;
restablecer la competencia territorial de los tribunales nacionales; eliminar
los tribunales arbitrales y crear una <a href="http://www.eldiario.es/contrapoder/transnacionales-derechos_humanos_6_276882319.html">Corte
Mundial sobre Empresas Transnacionales y Derechos Humanos</a>, que complemente
los mecanismos universales, regionales y nacionales y que, a la vez, garantice
que las personas y comunidades afectadas tengan acceso a una instancia
internacional independiente para la obtención de justicia por las violaciones
de sus derechos civiles, políticos, sociales, económicos, culturales y
medioambientales.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Más Información</span></u></b></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u>En el blog</u></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> <b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/08/potential-human-rights-impacts-of-trans.html">Potential
Human Rights impacts of Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement</a> (TPP) </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Agosto 2015</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b></span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">·<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/07/tisa-penultima-amenaca-als-nostres.html">TISA
: penúltima amenaç</a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/07/tisa-penultima-amenaca-als-nostres.html">a als nostres drets econòmics i socials</a> Julio 2015</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b></span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">·<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/06/from-north-to-south-common-goods-and.html">Fro</a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/06/from-north-to-south-common-goods-and.html">m North to Sou</a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/06/from-north-to-south-common-goods-and.html">th, common goods and
public services under threat</a></span><b><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: small;">Junio 2015</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b></span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="ES" style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">·<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2014/11/associacio-transatlantica-de-comerc-i.html">Associ</a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2014/11/associacio-transatlantica-de-comerc-i.html">ació
Transatlàntica de Comerç i Inversió (TTIP) o quan els mercaders venen els
pobles <span lang="ES" style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Noviembre 2014</span></a></span><b><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2014/11/associacio-transatlantica-de-comerc-i.html"><span lang="ES" style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"></span></a></span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b></span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">·<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span> <a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2012/11/barrickgold-explotando-el-filon-de.html">BarrickGold, explotando el filón de
impunidad de la impunidad</a> Noviemb</span><span style="font-size: small;">re 2012</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u>Otras Fuentes</u></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://investmentpolicyhub.unctad.org/Publications/Details/144">Investor-State
Dispute Settlement: Review of Developments in 2015 </a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.unctad.org/">UNCTAD</a>
Junio 2016 </span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><a href="http://isds.bilaterals.org/"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Stop
Investor-State Dispute Settlement. Resources for Movements</span></a> <a href="http://www.bilaterals.org/"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">B</span></a><a href="http://www.bilaterals.org/"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ilaterals</span></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>
</b></span><br />
<h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://omal.info/spip.php?article8186">Transnacionales y derechos humanos<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></a></span><span style="color: #2e74b5;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ALAI-<a href="http://www.alainet.org/">América Latina en Movimiento</a>, nº 520, dossier
coeditado con <a href="https://www.tni.org/en">TNI</a></span></span></span>
</h1>
<div class="soustitre">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u>A través de
@onadaexpansiva</u></span></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>· <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/TTIP?src=hash">#TTIP</a>’s proposed Investment Court System should fool no one <a href="https://t.co/k7LEI5CO0O">http://www.euractiv.com/section/trade-society/opinion/ttips-proposed-investment-court-system-should-fool-no-one/ …</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/c_natacha">@c_natacha</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/foeeurope">@foeeurope</a> v <a href="https://twitter.com/EU_ZMK">@EU_ZMK</a> Abril 2016 </li>
<li>· <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/ISDS?src=hash">#ISDS</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/TPP?src=hash">#TPP</a> Strengthens Controversial IP Arbitration. Steven Seidenberg <a href="https://t.co/jb06iWyV9h">http://www.ip-watch.org/2015/11/30/tpp-strengthens-controversial-ip-arbitration/?utm_source=IP-Watch+Subscribers&utm_campaign=4b04b551da-DAILY_SUMMARY&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_b78685696b-4b04b551da-352136721 …</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/ipwatch">@ipwatch</a> Noviembre 2015 </li>
<li>· <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/PublicHealth?src=hash">#PublicHealth</a> "<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/TPP?src=hash">#TPP</a> Investor-State Arbitration of <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/IP?src=hash">#IP</a> Monopolies on <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Medicines?src=hash">#Medicines</a>"<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/BrookBaker?src=hash">#BrookBaker</a> <a href="http://t.co/QoDP0Dpc0p">http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/research/36/ </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/WCL_PIJIP">@WCL_PIJIP</a> v <a href="https://twitter.com/info_justice">@info_justice</a> Mayo 2013 </li>
</ul>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2814330838470356389.post-54700739570200330332016-12-25T10:54:00.000-08:002016-12-25T10:59:36.373-08:00Dr. Shaylih Muehlmann on the failure of the war on drugs <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Available in the <a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/p/videos.html">Videos</a> page a lecture by Dr <a href="http://anth.ubc.ca/faculty/shaylih-muehlmann/">Shaylih Muhelmann</a>, associate professor of anthropology at the University of British Columbia (Canada), on the human cost of the so-called war on drugs in Mexico.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In this video Dr. Shaylih Muehlmann explores the failure of the “war on
drugs” from the perspective of Mexicans who have experienced the brunt
of drug-war violence. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://pwias.ubc.ca/">Peter Wall Institute for Advanced studies</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjJvkRqxHzwf2K9tyyEc-dQ">youtube channel</a></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">She argues that one of the principle reasons drug
prohibition policies have continued despite their clear record of
failure and destruction is because the victims of the “war on drugs”
have been dehumanized. Dr. Muehlmann is an anthropologist who has lived
and done research with people in Mexico whose lives have been deeply
impacted by the "war on drugs," she is also the author of the book,
"<a href="http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520276789">When I Wear My Alligator Boots: Narco-Culture in the U.S Mexican Borderlands</a>” and currently holds the Canada Research Chair in Language,
Culture and the Environment at the University of British Columbia in
Canada where she is also a Wall Scholar at the <a href="http://pwias.ubc.ca/">Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies.</a></span></span><br />
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<u><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">More info</span></b></span></u></h3>
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Other sources </span></span></b><u><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></b></span></u><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://theintercept.com/2016/10/18/despite-ongoing-abuses-u-s-seeks-to-restore-aid-to-mexicos-security-forces/">Despite Ongoing Abuses, U.S. Seeks to Restore Aid to Mexico’s Security Forces</a> <a href="https://theintercept.com/staff/ryan-devereaux/">Ryan Devereaux</a> <a href="https://theintercept.com/">The Intercept</a> October 18th 2016</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.proceso.com.mx/?p=390560">Iguala: la historia no oficial</a> de <a href="http://www.proceso.com.mx/?author=299190">Anabel Hernández y Steve Fisher</a> <a href="http://www.proceso.com.mx/">Revista Proceso</a></span> Diciembre 2014 </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.nybooks.com/contributors/alma-guillermoprieto/">An End to the War on Drugs?</a> <a href="http://www.nybooks.com/contributors/alma-guillermoprieto/">Alma Guillermoprieto</a> <a href="http://www.nybooks.com/">New York Review of Books</a> April 12th, 2012 </span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.economist.com/">The simmering controversy over Operation Fast and FuriousThe Economist</a> January 21st 2012 </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b> Through @OnadaExpansiva </b></span></span></span></b><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Mexico?src=hash">#Mexico</a> Familiares de activistas denuncian "tortura generalizada".Emma de Coro <a href="https://t.co/tbK9qDXlnx">https://www.diagonalperiodico.net/global/31822-denuncian-tortura-generalizada-mexico.html …</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/El_Diagonal">@El_Diagonal </a>October 11th 2016</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Mexico?src=hash">#Mexico</a> Federal Police Executed 22 People in May 2015 Raid, <a href="https://twitter.com/CNDH">@CNDH</a> Says.E. Malkin <a href="https://t.co/WETwe4u40h">http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/19/world/americas/-mexico-human-rights-police-killings.html …</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/nytimesworld">@nytimesworld</a> August 19th 2016 </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Documental?src=hash">#Documental</a> "Ni vivos ni muertos" <a href="https://twitter.com/NivivosNimuerto">@NivivosNimuerto</a> L.Ramírez Guzmán, <a href="https://twitter.com/luis2090shine">@luis2090shine</a> <a href="https://t.co/sjoEOpq2YC">http://www.rebeldemule.org/foro/documental/tema13627.html …</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/RebeldeMule">@RebeldeMule</a> v <a href="https://twitter.com/Fedemast">@Fedemast</a> July 5th 2016</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://twitter.com/search?f=tweets&q=%23Ayotzinapa%20%40onadaexpansiva&src=typd">#Ayotzinapa </a></span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>In the blog </b></span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/01/sortir-de-la-guerre-contre-la-drogue.html">Sortir de la "guerre contre la drogue"</a>January 2015 </span></span></li>
<li> <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/06/ayotzinapa-o-la-dissolucio-de-lestat.html">Ayotzinapa o la dissolució de l'Estat mexicà</a> June 2012 </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2011/11/mexico-war-on-drugs-and-human-rights.html">Mexico: War on Drugs and Human Rights. A crave for justice.</a> November 2011 </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2011/09/mexico-cndh-comprueba-tortura-en.html">Mexico. CNDH comprueba tortura en acusado de masacre de Villas de Salvárcar</a> September 2011 </span></span></li>
<li> <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2011/07/mexico-court-says-troops-should-face.html">Mexico court says troops should face civilian trials. An important step against impunity</a> July 2011</span></span></li>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2814330838470356389.post-25889025719100673332016-12-24T15:31:00.001-08:002016-12-24T15:31:27.919-08:00Actualisation section français<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia; font-weight: normal;">On vient d´actualiser la </span><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/p/francais_29.html"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;">section en Français</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia; font-weight: normal;"> du blog, en y ajoutant tout le matériel
qu´on a publié en langue française entre Janvier 2015 et Mars de cette année.<span> </span>Ainsi, vous y trouverez un article de Maurice
Lemoine, </span><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/01/sortir-de-la-guerre-contre-la-drogue.html"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;">Sortir de la Guerre contre la Drogue</span></i></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia; font-weight: normal;">,<span>
</span>paru dans </span><a href="http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2015/01/"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;">Le Monde Diplomatique,</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia; font-weight: normal;"><span> </span>recensant deux ouvrages, </span><a href="http://blogs.mediapart.fr/blog/thomas-chabolle/120808/gomorra-ou-la-camorra-selon-roberto-saviano"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;">Gomorra</span></i></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia; font-weight: normal;">, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia; font-weight: normal;">de </span><a href="https://twitter.com/robertosaviano"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;">Roberto Saviano</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia; font-weight: normal;">) </span><a href="https://twitter.com/johannhari101"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;">Johann Hari </span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia; font-weight: normal;">(</span><a href="http://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/chasing-the-scream-9781408857854/"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;">Chasing the scream</span></i></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: blue;">qui adressent
</span><span style="color: black;">de façon critique ce
qu´on connait comme Guerre contre la Drogue. En Février on avait reproduit un
chapitre, </span></span><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/02/la-vallee-qui-resisterecit-de-la-lutte.html"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;">La vallée qui résiste. Récit de la lutte contre le TGV Lyon-Turin</span></i></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia; font-weight: normal;">,<span> </span>du livre </span><a href="https://constellations.boum.org/"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;">Constellations Trajectoires révolutionnaires du jeune 21è siècle</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia; font-weight: normal;"> consacrée a la lutte que pendant plus d´une décennie ont mené (et mènent
toujours) les habitants/es de la Val Susa, Italie, contre la construction d´une
ligne ferroviaire d´haute vitesse (TAV) sur la vallée.<span> </span>En Mai on partageait l´article </span><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/05/sida-et-biocapitalisme-les-nouvelles.html"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">SIDA
et biocapitalisme. Les nouvelles ambiguïtés d’un "monde sans sida"</span></a><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-weight: normal;"> <span> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia; font-weight: normal;">de </span><a href="http://www.laviedesidees.fr/_David-Pierre-Marie_.html"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;">Pierre-Marie David</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia; font-weight: normal;">, </span><a href="http://www.laviedesidees.fr/_Girard-Gabriel_.html"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;">Gabriel Girard</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia; font-weight: normal;">et </span><a href="http://www.laviedesidees.fr/_Nguyen-Vinh-Kim_.html"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;">Vinh-Kim Nguyen</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia; font-weight: normal;"> paru sur </span><a href="http://www.laviedesidees.fr/"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;">La Vie des Idées</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia; font-weight: normal;">, une réflexion sur les
conséquences médicale-scientifiques autant que politico-institutionnelles
des<span> </span>derniers déroulements en la lutte
contre le Sida.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;">Disponibles
a nouveau,<span> </span>après la fermeture du channel
youtube Onada Expansiva Redux,</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;"> sur la </span><span lang="CA" style="font-family: Georgia;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/p/videos.html"><span lang="FR">section vidéos</span></a></span></span> les documentaires </span><span lang="CA" style="font-family: Georgia;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/05/grands-soirs-petits-matins-william.html"><span lang="FR">Grands Soirs, Petits Matins </span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;"><span> </span>(1978) du
réalisateur étatsunien </span><span lang="CA" style="font-family: Georgia;"><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Klein"><span lang="FR">William
Klein</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;"> sur les évènements du Mai 1968 à
Paris. et </span><span lang="CA" style="font-family: Georgia;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/06/escadrons-de-la-mort-lecole-francaise.html"><span lang="FR">Escadrons de la Mort, l´école française</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;"> (1999) de </span><span lang="CA" style="font-family: Georgia;"><a href="http://www.mariemoniquerobin.com/"><span lang="FR">Marie Monique Robin</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;"> sur l´influence des militaires français dans la
doctrine, tactiques et stratégies de la guerre sale pendant la dictature
argentine. Aussi disponible</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;">.<span> </span> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;">A deux reprises on a fixé notre regard sur la
situation politique africaine, d´abord avec <span> </span>la contribution, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/08/rdc-et-la-communaute-internationale.html"><span>RDC et la communauté
internationale</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;">,<span> </span>de la journaliste belge </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;"><a href="http://blog.lesoir.be/colette-braeckman"><span>Colette<span> </span>Braeckman</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;"> au<span> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;"><a href="http://www.the-congo-tribunal.com/"><span>Tribunal sur le Congo</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;"> une initiative du réalisateur suisse </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo_Rau"><span>Milo Rau</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;"> qui a
tenu </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;">deux séances : la première a Bukavu (RDC) le 29 et le 31 Mai 2015 de
et la deuxième a Berlin, Allemagne entre 26 et 28 Juin du même année ; on
s´est ensuite occupé de la situation au Burkina Faso pendant la tentative de
coup de état en setembre 2015 avec l´article </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2016/03/burkina-faso-septembre-2015-putsch-rate.html">: Putsch raté en pays insoumis </a>de <a href="http://survie.org/auteur/mathieu-lopes">Mathieu Lopes</a> avec
photographies de <a href="http://sophiegarcia.net/">Sophie Garcia</a> paru chez
<a href="http://survie.org/">survie</a>. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;">On a suivi les rebondissements de l´<a href="https://twitter.com/search?q=%23Tarnac%20%40onadaexpansiva&src=typd">Affaire
Tarnac</a> avec <a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/06/tarnac-le-proces-de-lantiterrorisme.html">une
tribune</a> du journaliste David Dufresne (@davduf, auteur de “<a href="http://magasin-general.fr/">Tarnac. Magasin General</a> “) parue à <span> </span><a href="http://www.liberation.fr/">Libération</a>
qui dénonce les excès et abus commis au nom de l´antiterrorisme. Finalement, en
Juillet 2015 on avait<span> </span>a reprit <span> </span>un article, <a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/07/mort-de-zyed-et-bouna-qui-peut-juger-la.html">Zied
et Bouna un verdict sociologique</a>, </span><span lang="CA" style="font-family: Georgia;">de <span> </span><a href="http://www.vacarme.org/auteur22.html">Fabien
Jobard</a> paru à <span> </span><a href="http://www.vacarme.org/">Vacarme </a><a href="https://twitter.com/_Vacarme_">@_Vacarme_</a> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;"><span> </span>sur l´absolution
des agents en place quand </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Georgia;">Zyed Benna et Bouna Traoré ont trouvée la mort dans un
transformateur électrique en fuyant un controle de la police le 27 octobre de
2005 (<a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2011/08/zizek-on-2005-riots-in-frances.html">ici</a>
un post en anglais avec quelques réflexions de Z.Zizek sur les émeutes qui ont
suivi)</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2814330838470356389.post-31474366191213665482016-11-18T04:18:00.000-08:002016-11-18T04:18:19.308-08:00L'Índia, farmàcia del sur global<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Recuperem un <a href="http://www.ara.cat/suplements/diumenge/LINDIA-farmacia-dels-paisos-medicaments_0_1648635154.html">article</a> aparegut al <a href="http://www.ara.cat/">Diari Ara</a> sobre com la India ha esdevingut, gràcies a polítiques de promoció de la capacitat industrial i una interpretació no absoluta dels drets de propietat intel.lectual, la farmàcia del Sud global; proveeint versions genèriques de qualitat d`una amplia gama de medicaments, molt especialment Anti-Retrovirals. No obstant, això podria cambiar si les <a href="http://t.co/bTTocczUH4">pressions</a> de les grans companyies farmacèutiques, a través del govern dels Estats Units i <a href="https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/europe-cannot-afford-trade-deals-favor-expensive-medicines"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">representants de la Unió Euro<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">pea</span></span></a>, aconsegueixen el seu objectiu: una modificació de les regulacions de propietat intel.lectual que faci molt més complicada la producció de versions genèriques de medicaments patentats. </span></span></span><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2814330838470356389" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">L'Índia, la farmàcia dels països pobres
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Les grans ONG s’abasten de medicaments genèrics indis per tractar
malalties globals, però la pressió de grans companyies i governs com el
dels EUA amenaça el subministrament a baix preu
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<small>
Text: MARC VIDAL (</small><small><span class="ProfileCard-screenname u-dir" dir="ltr"><a class="ProfileCard-screennameLink u-linkComplex js-nav" data-aria-label-part="" href="https://twitter.com/marc_vi">@<span class="u-linkComplex-target">marc_vi</span></a>)</span> /INFOGRAFIA:EDUARD FORROLL</small><a class="ProfileHeaderCard-screennameLink u-linkComplex js-nav" href="https://twitter.com/forroll"> @<span class="u-linkComplex-target">forroll)</span></a><br />
<small> <span class="location"> </span>
</small>
<time class="datetime" datetime="2016-09-11T00:00:00"></time><time class="datetime" datetime="2016-09-11T00:00:00"></time></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4E4kd-WfTcCwIvDcCzPFp2Q6KWDAzc8HeRXLL4uuqpijeU7Uw23b4lBu0F8soyXJVO9LrbzsD8aTkQTFdaa8yVOgLyZl8sQQ_KBUpdZW4eR7uktN4LqTCltY1i5uJGEvjw7O4dIHCwKE/s1600/LIndia-farmacia-dels-paisos-pobres_1647445469_33866503_651x366.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4E4kd-WfTcCwIvDcCzPFp2Q6KWDAzc8HeRXLL4uuqpijeU7Uw23b4lBu0F8soyXJVO9LrbzsD8aTkQTFdaa8yVOgLyZl8sQQ_KBUpdZW4eR7uktN4LqTCltY1i5uJGEvjw7O4dIHCwKE/s400/LIndia-farmacia-dels-paisos-pobres_1647445469_33866503_651x366.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Infografia de <a class="ProfileHeaderCard-screennameLink u-linkComplex js-nav" href="https://twitter.com/forroll">@<span class="u-linkComplex-target">forroll</span></a> sobre la importància de les companyies indies en el mercat global de medicaments genèrics i proveïdores per a Organitzacions no Gubernamentals </td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">L’ Índia és inacabable en molts sentits, un vast
subcontinent apassionant i sorprenent alhora. Les cultures, les llengües
i les religions s’hi barregen com ho fan l’agricultura tradicional i la
indústria puntera en el camp tecnològic. Un lloc de contrastos
permanents que juga, entre moltes altres cartes, la de l’especialització
en medicaments genèrics. I així és com el país s’ha guanyat la fama de
ser “la farmàcia dels països pobres”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">La legislació
índia ho afavoreix històricament i diferents fons mundials per a les
vacunacions o el tractament de malalties globals i organitzacions com
Metges Sense Fronteres (<a href="http://www.msf.org/">MSF</a>) obtenen genèrics en aquest país per als
seus programes. En total, dos terços de les medecines que MSF fa servir
per tractar malalties com la tuberculosi, el VIH i la malària són
genèrics indis, i el percentatge s’amplia fins al 97% en el cas del VIH o
el 77% en el de la malària.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6OXMg1b0drgTQ8grQgODWWiexTlORNdc_VlK5f6HG7xm2U9RTVg9SF5oWQJQbptNTKGgc4Po7lW70ackVivUoapCHswDrxLMtm6CwSNTYexOg9qeqNhWNQMHq6UbZe78rU1_VJTU-ATM/s1600/LIndia-farmacia-dels-paisos-pobres_1647445464_33866326_540x1211.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6OXMg1b0drgTQ8grQgODWWiexTlORNdc_VlK5f6HG7xm2U9RTVg9SF5oWQJQbptNTKGgc4Po7lW70ackVivUoapCHswDrxLMtm6CwSNTYexOg9qeqNhWNQMHq6UbZe78rU1_VJTU-ATM/s640/LIndia-farmacia-dels-paisos-pobres_1647445464_33866326_540x1211.jpg" width="283" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Infografia de @forroll il.lustrant l´impacte que l´introducció de versions genèriques ha tingut sobre el preu, i conseqüentment l´accés, a medicaments antiretrovirals per a milions de persones amb VIH</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">“L’Índia és un país amb una gran tradició sanitària de vocació pública i és per això que aplica amb la màxima flexibilitat les lleis de protecció intel·lectual sobre els medicaments, amb l’objectiu d’estimular la fabricació de genèrics i reduir-ne el preu”, explica l’indi Rohit Malpani, un dels responsables de la <a href="http://www.msfaccess.org/">campanya</a> que, dins de l’organització MSF, aborda específicament aquesta qüestió.<br /><br />“<i>El gran exemple en positiu és el tractament del VIH, el preu del qual s’ha reduït un 100% en 15 anys gràcies als genèrics</i>”, assegura la catalana Judit Rius Sanjuan (@juditrius), que també està al capdavant de la campanya. Una tendència semblant segueix el tractament de l’hepatitis C, que té un cost exorbitant quan es comercialitza als EUA i un preu molt més assequible quan es tracta del genèric indi, que és el que compra MSF per als pacients que tracta als països pobres. “<i>Al final es tracta d’aconseguir un equilibri entre la necessària inversió en recerca i l’accessibilitat dels medicaments en termes econòmics</i>”, afegeix aquesta advocada catalana des de Nova York.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmJzaMHcOQbmI2Yqvn8ry_vXtWwLxK2mOchyphenhyphenBiuwG_NtHkWfDvjR4mx4fTuiXwlLRr5KNvlYWCAHzEdpJVM4SquqLDOJz_qeTuJdDDGCEDpLtz0ddPjWOjVOQY4QoNJxpdlFtvZT3LEiM/s1600/LIndia-farmacia-dels-paisos-pobres_1647445465_33866327_540x281.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmJzaMHcOQbmI2Yqvn8ry_vXtWwLxK2mOchyphenhyphenBiuwG_NtHkWfDvjR4mx4fTuiXwlLRr5KNvlYWCAHzEdpJVM4SquqLDOJz_qeTuJdDDGCEDpLtz0ddPjWOjVOQY4QoNJxpdlFtvZT3LEiM/s400/LIndia-farmacia-dels-paisos-pobres_1647445465_33866327_540x281.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Infografia de @forroll posant en perspectiva el preu i el cost del Sofosbuvir, medicametn contra la Hepatitis C.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> <span style="font-size: small;">Un model amenaçat</span> </span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Però la farmàcia dels països pobres viu sota amenaça per la pressió que exerceixen les grans companyies farmacèutiques i governs com el dels EUA. “<i>Fins que l’Índia va entrar a l’Organització Mundial del Comerç (<a href="http://www.wto.org/">OMC</a>) el 1995 els seus genèrics permetien tractar malalties a un preu molt baix. Però des del 2005, quan va expirar el període transitori, el grau de flexibilitat que permetia la fabricació de genèrics s’ha anat reduint</i>”, alerta Malpani, que reclama un compromís global per evitar que el preu no sigui una barrera per tractar els malalts dels països pobres. Com ho veu tot plegat el govern del primer ministre Narendra Modi? “<i>El problema és que envia missatges contradictoris sobre la qüestió. Una part del govern pensa d’una manera i l’altra sembla que ho faci en el sentit contrari</i>”, lamenta Rohit Malpani.</span></div>
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<figure class="inset-gallery" id="insetGallery_1586061457395548160">
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiin6EWZqr6v7UWR16MmsFZyMnMcz4oCz7-VI2dlYQAFvdW2f8EVOCSEc1Gt-sws-rGrC-n0bdyTIogAP1UgUwmjl4XcynPH5mEvNzyuwhNuivxOaiNKM6AoX5zj2iiBzA_P2hreaiEFXk/s1600/LIndia-farmacia-dels-paisos-pobres_1647445466_33866328_540x273.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiin6EWZqr6v7UWR16MmsFZyMnMcz4oCz7-VI2dlYQAFvdW2f8EVOCSEc1Gt-sws-rGrC-n0bdyTIogAP1UgUwmjl4XcynPH5mEvNzyuwhNuivxOaiNKM6AoX5zj2iiBzA_P2hreaiEFXk/s400/LIndia-farmacia-dels-paisos-pobres_1647445466_33866328_540x273.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Infografia de @orroll sobre l´aument de preu de les vacunes en els darrers 15 anys i com només 3 vacunes costen el 86% del total </td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Si la retallada del preu del tractament del VIH és una història d’èxit -i el de l’hepatitis C segueix aquest camí-, la cara negativa són els preus de les vacunes que s’administren als països pobres. En aquest cas, el preu d’immunitzar una criatura segons el que fixa l’<a href="http://www.who.int/">OMS</a> s’ha multiplicat exponencialment, sobretot pel fet que les més noves encara no tenen genèric i el seu preu és artificialment alt, molt allunyat del preu real de fabricació. La lluita per la sensibilització continua. </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> El preu dels medicaments</span></span></h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Per què alguns medicaments són tan cars? Les grans companyies farmacèutiques ho justifiquen assegurant que així es finança la investigació sobre nous tractaments, però Metges Sense Fronteres (MSF) denuncia en un informe titulat <a href="http://www.msfaccess.org/content/report-lives-edge-time-align-medical-research-and-development-people%E2%80%99s-health-needs">Lives on the edge</a> que no sempre és així. D’entrada perquè no tots els avenços farmacèutics tenen lloc en el marc d’aquestes companyies, però, a més, perquè les xifres mostren que els gegants farmacèutics nord-americans van invertir en recerca el 2010 només el 8% del que van obtenir per les vendes. “Senzillament no és veritat que el que procedeix de les vendes es reinverteixi en innovació. Les xifres indiquen que es paga molt més del que seria necessari per recuperar la inversió”, alerta l’informe de MSF, que posa la mirada en els obstacles que suposa tot plegat per als països pobres.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitX5RqaZuPU3czv5g1TFBigPfcvt9BQRzMiOF8NlK1hLJbZ0l73MXqwo6piNbzSsZAKtCqE8RvsGEAiaSR28hG2iEuh0CkAOmja3C3i5hvEnoSy4lezSXzitKE-gUS7N-7SNGgGdWm_V0/s1600/LIndia-farmacia-dels-paisos-pobres_1647445467_33866329_540x1460.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitX5RqaZuPU3czv5g1TFBigPfcvt9BQRzMiOF8NlK1hLJbZ0l73MXqwo6piNbzSsZAKtCqE8RvsGEAiaSR28hG2iEuh0CkAOmja3C3i5hvEnoSy4lezSXzitKE-gUS7N-7SNGgGdWm_V0/s640/LIndia-farmacia-dels-paisos-pobres_1647445467_33866329_540x1460.jpg" width="233" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Infografia de @forroll comparant el volum de negoci de les principals companyies farmacèutiques i la suposada despesa en I+D de les principals companyies farmacèutiques al 2010 i la comparació dels recursos destinats a promoció i publicitat amb els suposadament consagrats a I+D de les 10 principals farmacèutiques amb dades de 2013</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="CA" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Més Informació</span></u></b><span lang="CA" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><br />
<u>Altres Fonts</u> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="CA" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><a href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/india/2016-06-12/indias-patent-problems">India's
Patent Problems Modi and the End of Cheap Medicines </a> <a href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/authors/sarah-asrar">Sarah Asrar</a> <a href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/authors/fran-quigley">Fran Quigley</a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="CA" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><a href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/">Foreign Affairs</a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Juny 2016 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="CA" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><a href="http://www.ip-watch.org/2016/11/06/indian-generic-pharma-warns-government-caving-us-pressure-data-exclusivity/?utm_source=IP-Watch+Subscribers&utm_campaign=68c8b22fab-DAILY_SUMMARY&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_b78685696b-68c8b22fab-352136721">Indian
Generic Pharma Warns Against Government Caving To US Pressure On Data
Exclusivity</a> Catherine Saez <a href="http://www.ip-watch.org/">IP Watch</a> Novembre
2016 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="CA" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/30/health/indias-efforts-to-aid-poor-worry-drugmakers.html?_r=0">India’s
Efforts to Aid Poor Worry Drug Makers</a> Gardiner Harris <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/">New York Times</a> Desembre 2013</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="CA" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><br />
<u>A través d´@OnadaExpansiva</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="CA" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publichealth?src=hash">#publichealth</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/India?src=hash">#India</a> Government
planning to control prices of anti-<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/cancer?src=hash">#cancer</a> drugs <a href="http://t.co/TwFeCNhUJM" target="_blank" title="http://dnai.in/csIz">http://dnai.in/csIz </a>
<a href="https://twitter.com/SoumontyK">@SoumontyK</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/dna">@dna</a> v <a href="https://twitter.com/KitiKajana">@KitiKajana</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/A2M?src=hash">#A2M</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="CA" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Novembre 2014</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="CA" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publichealth?src=hash">#publichealth</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/India?src=hash">#India</a> Section 3(d)
pivots a health revolution <a href="http://t.co/ktBQZYx41U" target="_blank" title="http://www.asianage.com/print/376982">http://www.asianage.com/print/376982 </a>
<a href="https://twitter.com/TheAsianAgeNews">@TheAsianAgeNews</a> v <a href="https://twitter.com/ElsTorreele">@ElsTorreele</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/OSFHealth">@OSFHealth</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/innovation?src=hash">#innovation</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="CA" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Abril 2015</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="CA" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/PublicHealth?src=hash">#PublicHealth</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/India?src=hash">#India</a> must keep patent
laws 4 cheap generic drugs manufacture.L.Menghaney <a href="http://t.co/Z7wFuNmi3i" target="_blank" title="http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/india-must-keep-patent-laws-for-manufacture-of-cheap-generic-drugs/article1-1371738.aspx">http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/india-must-keep-patent-laws-for-manufacture-of-cheap-generic-drugs/article1-1371738.aspx …</a>
<a href="https://twitter.com/htTweets">@htTweets</a> v <a href="https://twitter.com/Shaillytweeting">@Shaillytweeting</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="CA" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Juliol 2015</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="CA" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><br />
<u>Al Blog</u></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2814330838470356389.post-31916602399951864372016-10-20T10:34:00.000-07:002016-10-20T10:39:46.583-07:00Muchas batallas, algunas victorias y demasiadas victimas. Una década de combate contra la Hepatitis.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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</style><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Durante mucho, demasiado, tiempo, la Hepatitis ha sido una enfermedad casi anónima, de difícil diagnóstico y a menudo más complicado tratamiento; sin embargo, la aparición de nuevos (más eficaces) tratamientos ha coincidido con una una coordinación más estrecha entre algunas de las partes implicadas en la lucha por el control y erradicación dela enfermedad. Resulta pertinente analizar sobre qué ejes y con qué resultados se ha desarrollado esta convergencia. <span style="font-size: x-small;">Escrito basado en un artículo escrito por el autor en para el newsletter (<a href="http://asscat-hepatitis.org/wp-content/uploads/Revista-Asscat-inform@-18.pdf">asscatinform@ No. 18 Octubre 2015</a> pp. 22-25) de la Associació Catalana de Malalts d´Hepatitis (<a href="http://asscat-hepatitis.org/">ASSCAT</a>) </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "" serif "" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></span></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS1DuD8rf30l23mLkZjACny_Z3tPQh7PH5giV8jhJS0jVQdFAKrqiOHWdOLdrNcZevT98itGS1dJOOZ9iFXsnPazu9E4EFtUH1Km2eqoYYmmacgRIWYp_qdGS3cmSN0O1l33NpduTPEcs/s1600/HepCDNDI.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS1DuD8rf30l23mLkZjACny_Z3tPQh7PH5giV8jhJS0jVQdFAKrqiOHWdOLdrNcZevT98itGS1dJOOZ9iFXsnPazu9E4EFtUH1Km2eqoYYmmacgRIWYp_qdGS3cmSN0O1l33NpduTPEcs/s400/HepCDNDI.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr align="justify"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "" serif "" , "serif"; font-size: x-small; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">La Hepatitis o <i>epidemia silenciosa </i> afecta, en sus variantes </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs328/es/"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "" serif "" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A</span></a><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "" serif "" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/es/"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "" serif "" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B</span></a><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "" serif "" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> o </span><a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/es/"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "" serif "" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C</span></a><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "" serif "" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, actualmente a
cerca de 500 millones de personas en todo el mundo; según estimaciones de
la Organización Mundial de la Salud (</span><a href="http://www.who.int/hepatitis/en/"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "" serif "" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">OMS</span></a><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "" serif "" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) 1,5 millones de personas son infectadas con Hepatitis A
cada año, 240 millones viven con una infección crónica de Hepatitis B y 240
millones son pacientes crónicos de Hepatitis C. Infografia de Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (<a href="http://www.dndi.org/">DNDI</a>) accesible <a href="http://www.dndi.org/2016/media-centre/news-views-stories/news/hepc-barriers-rd-strategy-infographic/">aqui</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">El acceso a tratamiento en condiciones adecuadas constituye aún un serio problema para miles de pacientes, a los que hay que sumar los centenares de miles, quizás millones, de personas portadoras del Virus de la Hepatitis C aún no diagnosticadas cuyo acceso a tratamiento también es incierto. La <a href="http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/817371">introducción</a> desde finales de 2013 de nuevos tratamientos marca un antes y un después en la lucha la Hepatitis C.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a name='more'></a> La innovación terapéutica que supone la posible curación de una enfermedad crónica ha movilizado a todas aquellas partes concernidas en el combate cotidiano contra la enfermedad: desde organizaciones de pacientes a autoridades estatales pasando por Organizaciones No Gubernamentales (ONG) y Organizaciones Internacionales; todas ellas con el mismo objetivo (o partes del mismo): garantizar un acceso adecuado, especialmente en términos de asequibilidad económica y disponibilidad, para todos aquellos y aquellas que puedan beneficiarse de tal avance. Existen, evidentemente, matices, algunos de ellos significativos, en esta comunión de intereses y voluntades. </span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Resulta importante reiterar la diferencia fundamental existente entre disponibilidad potencial de un tratamiento en términos de existencia del mismo con garantías de seguridad y efectividad y disponibilidad real del mismo como acceso en condiciones adecuadas para las mayorías; sin importar su origen, lugar de residencia, capacidad económica u origen de su infección. Para que esta diferencia se convierta en mera semántica y deje de ser sinónimo de un <a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/05/entre-el-estado-y-el-mercado-el.html#more">desequilibrio fundamental en términos sanitarios</a> y morales resulta necesario continuar apoyando, por un lado, las iniciativas de sensibilización y lucha contra el estigma y, por el otro, los esfuerzos para garantizar acceso a tratamiento en condiciones adecuadas. Unas y otras, son complementarias y necesarias en la lucha por la erradicación de la Hepatitis. <br /><br />Eventos como el Dia mundial de la Hepatitis han trascendido, en gran parte gracias a las organizaciones de pacientes, el ámbito simbólico convirtiendo cada 28 de Julio en una fecha global de reconocimiento, denuncia y sensibilización. Ha sido un largo proceso de convergencia y sinergias desde que en 2004 se empezara a conmemorar por vez primera en algunos países europeos y del arco mediterráneo; se expandiera en 2008 bajo el impulso y asunción de liderazgo por parte de la de la World Hepatitis Alliance (<a href="http://worldhepatitisalliance.org/">WHA</a>) a otras regiones; hasta lograr un alcance global con la designación por parte de la OMS en 2010 mediante resolución WHA63.18 (<a href="http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA63/A63_R18-sp.pdf">Hepatitis Virales</a>) del 28 de julio como Día internacional de la Hepatitis “como oportunidad para educar al respecto y lograr que se comprenda mejor el problema de salud pública mundial que suponen las hepatitis virales, así como para estimular el fortalecimiento de las medidas preventivas y de control de esas enfermedades en los Estados Miembros” entre otras medida a adoptar por parte de Estados miembros y la propia OMS. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/yYoLQwQzBpk/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yYoLQwQzBpk?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "" serif "" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Acción de denuncia contra los altos precios de Sofosbuvir en Bangkok, Tailandia en Mayo de 2015 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">La creciente visibilidad social de la enfermedad ha permitido en múltiples países a los y las pacientes salir del anonimato y romper con el estigma, consiguiendo ver reflejadas sus demandas en los medios y estableciendo vías de diálogo, más o menos fluidas, con las autoridades; intercambios que se han revelado útiles en el diseño de planes nacionales (entre ellos <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hhs-actionplan.htm">Estados Unidos</a>, <a href="https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/Publications/HealthProtection/HepCstrategy.pdf">Irlanda</a>, <a href="http://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/egypt/VH_Plan_of_Action_FINAL_PRINT1.pdf">Egipto</a> y el propio <a href="http://www.msssi.gob.es/ciudadanos/enfLesiones/enfTransmisibles/docs/plan_estrategico_hepatitis_C.pdf">Estado español</a>) para el control y prevención de la hepatitis, con medidas específicas para las diversas variantes de la enfermedad y el concurso de una variedad de actores institucionales; todos ellos comparten la necesidad de tratar a tod@s aquell@s pacientes diagnosticad@s y aumentar las capacidades de cribado y diagnóstico para identificar portadores/as asimptomátic@s de virus hepáticos. Al mismo tiempo es necesario examinar de qué manera las compañías farmacéuticas se han beneficiado en sus negociaciones con el Estado (principal comprador y financiador último de los tratamientos) de la presión ejercida por asociaciones que, aun defendiendo demandas legítimas como el acceso inmediato a tratamientos disponibles en otros países, han servido para visibilizar un sentimiento de urgencia social que pocos gobiernos se pueden permitir. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">El diseño, creación e implementación de planes nacionales era una de las medidas preconizadas en la ya mencionada Resolución WHA63.18. El hecho que la Asamblea Mundial de la Salud (AMS) siguiera ocupándose del tema, en sus diferentes vertientes, con menciones (co-infección y estrategias de reducción de daños en usuarios de drogas) en la <a href="http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA64/A64_15-sp.pdf">Estrategia mundial del sector sanitario sobre el VIH/SIDA 2011- 2015</a> contenida en resolución <a href="http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA64-REC1/A64_REC1-sp.pdf#page=20">WHA64.14</a> aprobada en el 64º periodo de sesiones (2011).Simultáneamente y de manera a acompañar y guiar los diferentes esfuerzos nacionales para el diseño de planes nacionales, en 2012 OMS publicó el manual <a href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/130012/1/WHO_HSE_PED_HIP_GHP_2012.1_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1">Prevención y control de las hepatitis virales: marco para la acción mundial </a>un breve documento de análisis que ponía por primera vez el énfasis en la escala global de la epidemia, situando a la Hepatitis de forma definitiva en la agenda global de salud pública. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Es en esta coyuntura, de incremento gradual de atención y acumulación de experiencia técnica que el combate contra la Hepatitis enfrenta el futuro inmediato. Una parte del prólogo se escribió en el 67º periodo de sesiones de la AMS en 2014 con la aprobación de la Resolución WHA67.6 (<a href="http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA67-REC1/A67_2014_REC1-sp.pdf#page=23">Hepatitis víricas</a>, basado en el informe A67/13 <a href="http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA67/A67_13-sp.pdf">Hepatitis. Mejora de la salud de los pacientes con Hepatitis víricas</a>) donde se recordaban anteriores resoluciones y declaraciones internacionales, se reconocía la gravedad de la situación e instando a promover “la participación de la sociedad civil en todos los aspectos de la prevención, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento delas hepatitis víricas” se pedía a la OMS una asistencia más estrecha a los Estados miembros en todas las etapas de la lucha por el control y la erradicación de la enfermedad; previamente, en Julio de 2013, se presentaba el documento <a href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85397/1/9789241564632_eng.pdf">Global policy report on the prevention and control of viral hepatitis in WHO Member States</a> resultado de una encuesta entre todos los países miembros de la organización para dictaminar cual era exactamente la situación, en términos epidemiológicos y de acceso a tratamiento, en las diferentes partes del mundo. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">En el siguiente periodo de sesiones, en parte debido a la atención dedicada post-facto emergencias sanitarias como el brote de Ebola de 2014 (ver <a href="http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA68/A68_25-en.pdf">A68/25</a>,<a href="http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA68/A68_26-en.pdf">A68/26</a>, <a href="http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA68/A68_51Rev1-en.pdf">A68/51 Rev.1</a> ,<a href="http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA68/A68_56-en.pdf">A68/56</a> y <a href="http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA68/A68_ACONF5-en.pdf">A68/A/CONF./5</a>) la AMS no trató el combate contra las Hepatitis como tema específico. En los meses anteriores se habian organizado dos reuniones técnicas claves en la respuesta global a las Hepatitis, por un lado el encuentro para la <a href="http://www.who.int/entity/hiv/pub/arv/think-tank-tx-optimization/en/index.html">Optimización de Tratamientos para VIH y Hepatitis C: implicaciones para futuras actualizaciones de las guías clínicas de OMS</a> celebrada en Seattle el 22 de Febrero (ver <a href="http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/arv/think-tank-tx-optimization/en/index7.html">lista de participantes</a>), y, por el otro, la reunión para examinar <a href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/189650/1/9789241509572_eng.pdf?ua=1">pronósticos mundiales de la demanda antirretroviral mundial para 2014-2018 proyección basada en el modelo de nuevas formulaciones antirretrovirales para 2015-2024 y actualización de la hepatitis B y C</a> Celebrada en Ginebra en Marzo en el marco de la colaboración entre OMS y <a href="http://www.unaids.org/">ONUSIDA</a> Finalmente en la <a href="http://www.isglobal.org/es/healthisglobal/-/custom-blog-portlet/-cuales-son-los-retos-de-la-salud-en-los-proximos-anos-/5083982/6901">AMS de este año</a> se aprobaron sendas estrategias mundiales del sector de la salud: en relación con el VIH/SIDA, frente las infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) y, por primera vez, contra las <a href="http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA69/A69_32-sp.pdf?ua=1">hepatitis víricas</a>. En todas ellas, y por primera vez, <a href="https://t.co/TE8Xu58LdV">se menciona la necesidad</a> de reducir los precios (sin especificar lamentablemente como) .</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYcR2AptWFYaYXhUTV0jjDbORgpg3R_6s1X2fqfzEoqzxBtCbSqDQDRrINEvnV0VzTXIwHkkXZKo-oVu7VPOUlRsztAszIwmaFjG-NFFZUgwdonaboOcpunXOJ0vhrJN-XJ_OYvlthyphenhyphenkM/s1600/blog1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYcR2AptWFYaYXhUTV0jjDbORgpg3R_6s1X2fqfzEoqzxBtCbSqDQDRrINEvnV0VzTXIwHkkXZKo-oVu7VPOUlRsztAszIwmaFjG-NFFZUgwdonaboOcpunXOJ0vhrJN-XJ_OYvlthyphenhyphenkM/s400/blog1.png" width="400" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Evolución de las ganancias, en miles de millones de dólares estadounidenses, de Gilead derivadas de las ventas de dos medicametnos contra la Hepatitis C. Extraído de <a href="http://www.citizenvox.org/2015/08/04/how-much-is-enough-for-gilead/">How much is enough for Gilead?</a> Steven Knievel <a href="http://www.citizenvox.org/">Citizen Vox </a>4 de agosto de 2015</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Es de destacar que la estrategia habia sido presentada como borrador, antes de ser sometida y aprobada en en la denominada 1a Cumbre Mundial de la Hepatitis celebrada en Glasgow en Septiembre de 2015 y organizada por la World Hepatitis Alliance (<a href="http://www.worldhepatitisalliance.org/es">WHA</a>) con la colaboración del <a href="http://news.scotland.gov.uk/News/World-Hepatitis-Summit-1c6b.aspx">Gobierno de Escocia</a> y OMS con la participación de un nutrido grupo de organizaciones de pacientes y el apoyo financiero de la industria farmacéutica. La reunión, a repetirse presumiblemente (ya ha sufrido un aplazamiento) en Sao Paulo, Brasil, en 2017 terminó con la proclamación de la<a href="http://www.worldhepatitisalliance.org/sites/default/files/resources/documents/WHS2015%20Glasgow%20Declaration%20on%20Viral%20Hepatitis.pdf"> Declaración de Glasgow</a> que, entre otros puntos, reconoce :”el acceso universal a la prevención, diagnóstico, atención y tratamiento es un derecho humano y promover el acceso y la asequibilidad de estos servicios es responsabilidad de todos” pero no menciona otros factores clave como el precio de los últimos tratamientos incide sobre la sostenibilidad de los sistemas públicos de salud o como estos están siendo introducidos solo en aquellos mercados considerados rentables (ingreso medio-medio alto o tasas elevadas de pacientes infectados) por las compañías titulares de las patentes asociadas.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">En conclusión, asistimos a una coyuntura en apariencia favorable a la lucha contra las hepatitis víricas: mayor visibilidad, presencia en la agenda global de salud pública y un mayor receptividad de Estados y organizaciones internacionales a las demandas de las organizaciones de pacientes. Sin embargo, resultaría útil escuchar las declaraciones y analizar los sloganes con un cierto escepticismo. Con algunas voces anunciando una posible <a href="https://youtu.be/YS42mvwURz0">erradicación de la Hepatitis C para 2030</a> sigue habiendo poblaciones en cuyos países los nuevos tratamientos no han sido registrados mientras en otros grupos poblaciones como <a href="https://www.diagonalperiodico.net/libertades/27871-menos-del-3-presos-con-hepatitis-c-recibe-tratamiento-adecuado.html">personas privadas delibertad</a> no están recibiendo tratamiento al mismo tiempo <a href="http://www.medicinespatentpool.org/the-medicines-patent-pool-expands-mandate-to-hepatitis-c-and-tuberculosis-treatment/">iniciativas</a> como la anunciada por el <a href="http://www.medicinespatentpool.org/">Medicines Patent Pool</a> que, en principio, debía servir para estimular la competencia y bajar los precios mediante la entrada de productores de versiones genéricos no ha tenido todo el impacto esperado al tratarse de licencias voluntarias estrictamente controladas por los <a href="http://www.nogracias.eu/2016/10/10/patentes-y-normas-de-comercio-internacional-que-matan-el-caso-de-la-hepatitis-c/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=patentes-y-normas-de-comercio-internacional-que-matan-el-caso-de-la-hepatitis-c">titulares de las patente</a>s (que renuncian a entrar en aquellos mercados donde conceden la licencia) y que no comprometen a las empresas genéricas participantes a vender a precios sustantivamente más bajos. Al mismo tiempo la <a href="http://www.worldhepatitisalliance.org/">WHA </a>se erige <a href="http://www.who.int/entity/hepatitis/news-events/nohep-movement-against-hepatitis/en/index.html">como socio estratégico de OMS</a> y presunta voz global de los pacientes de hepatitis con demandas centradas exclusivamente en el acceso a tratamiento e identificacion de nuevos pacientes sin menciones al coste impuesto por las decisiones comerciales de compañias farmáceuticas</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">No es posible garantizar el acceso a tratamientos si el mismo amenaza la sostenibilidad de los sistemas públicos de salud, la ciudadanía tiene el derecho a saber y la responsabilidad de preguntar sobre los procesos de asignación de precios a productos sanitarios de alto impacto terapéutico pero muy elevado coste financiero para las arcas públicas. <b>El caso de la Hepatitis C no es un episodio aislado, sino un síntoma, otro más, de un sistema de Investigación y Desarrollo biomédico basado más en futuros réditos comerciales que en respuestas a las necesidades sanitarias de los pueblos; la incapacidad manifiesta de Estados y agencias especializadas en acometer, en el ámbito doméstico y global, las necesarias reformas en el sistema de patentes y de asignación de precios en relación con tecnologías sanitarias perpetuará la agonía. </b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES"><b>En el blog</b></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/06/asamblea-mundial-de-la-saludescenario.html">Asamblea Mundial de la Salud: escenario, luces y sombras</a> Jaume Vidal Junio 2015</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/05/entre-el-estado-y-el-mercado-el.html">Entre el Estado y el mercado, el paciente siempre pierde.</a> Jaume Vidal Mayo 2015 </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> <span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2011/07/corporate-self-interest-and-strategic.html">Corporate Self-Interest And Strategic Choices: Gilead Licenses To Medicines Patent Pool </a></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.ip-watch.org/weblog/2011/07/21/corporate-self-interest-and-strategic-choices-gilead-licenses-to-medicines-patent-pool/?utm_source=post&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=alerts#bio">Brook K. Baker</a> Julio 2011 </span></span></span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES"><b>Otras fuentes</b></span> </span></span></span> </div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.isglobal.org/es/healthisglobal/-/custom-blog-portlet/-cuales-son-los-retos-de-la-salud-en-los-proximos-anos-/5083982/6901">Los retos de la salud pública global en los próximos años a la luz de la 69ª Asamblea Mundial de Salud</a> Jaume Vidal <a href="http://www.isglobal.org/es/healthisglobal/">Health Is Global</a> <a href="http://www.isglobal.org/">ISGlobal</a> Junio 2016 </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/new-cures-for-hepatitis-c-but-are-they-affordable-201601078949" rel="bookmark">New cures for hepatitis C — but are they affordable?</a> <a class="url fn" href="http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/author/gregcurfman">Gregory Curfman, MD</a></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Harvard Health Blog 7 enero 2016 </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/sarah-boseley-global-health/2015/mar/20/pharma-accused-of-restricting-access-to-hep-c-drug-in-poor-countries">Pharma accused of restricting access to hep C drug in poor countries</a>
</span></span></span><span itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="tone-colour" data-link-name="auto tag link" href="https://www.theguardian.com/profile/sarahboseley" itemprop="sameAs" rel="author"><span itemprop="name">Sarah Boseley</span></a></span></span></span><span itemprop="name"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/"> The Guardian</a> 20 marzo 2015 </span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><b>A través de @OnadaExpansiva </b></span></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a class="twitter-hashtag pretty-link js-nav" data-query-source="hashtag_click" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/PublicHealth?src=hash">#<b><b>PublicHealth</b></b></a> Generic Manufacturing Deals For <a class="twitter-hashtag pretty-link js-nav" data-query-source="hashtag_click" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/HIV?src=hash">#<b>HIV</b></a> And <a class="twitter-hashtag pretty-link js-nav" data-query-source="hashtag_click" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/HepC?src=hash">#<b><b>HepC</b></b></a> Treatments Signed At <a class="twitter-atreply pretty-link js-nav" data-mentioned-user-id="205754412" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/MedsPatentPool">@<b>MedsPatentPool</b></a> <a class="twitter-timeline-link" data-expanded-url="http://www.ip-watch.org/2016/07/07/generic-manufacturing-deals-for-hiv-and-hepatitis-c-treatments-signed-at-medicines-patent-pool/" dir="ltr" href="https://t.co/Arm5xZhzbe" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="http://www.ip-watch.org/2016/07/07/generic-manufacturing-deals-for-hiv-and-hepatitis-c-treatments-signed-at-medicines-patent-pool/"><span class="invisible">http://www.</span><span class="js-display-url">ip-watch.org/2016/07/07/gen</span><span class="invisible">eric-manufacturing-deals-for-hiv-and-hepatitis-c-treatments-signed-at-medicines-patent-pool/</span><span class="tco-ellipsis"><span class="invisible"> </span>…</span></a> <a class="twitter-atreply pretty-link js-nav" data-mentioned-user-id="16883630" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/ipwatch">@<b>ipwatch</b></a>7 de Julio 2016 <b><br /></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES"> </span><a class="twitter-hashtag pretty-link js-nav" data-query-source="hashtag_click" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/PublicHealth?src=hash">#PublicHealth</a> Strategies to Secure Access to Generic <a class="twitter-hashtag pretty-link js-nav" data-query-source="hashtag_click" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/HepC?src=hash">#HepC</a> Medicines <a class="twitter-timeline-link" data-expanded-url="http://www.msfaccess.org/sites/default/files/MSF_assets/HepC/Docs/HCV_OvercomingBarriersToAccess_EN_May2015.pdf" dir="ltr" href="http://t.co/JViSF7Wi4f" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="http://www.msfaccess.org/sites/default/files/MSF_assets/HepC/Docs/HCV_OvercomingBarriersToAccess_EN_May2015.pdf"><span class="invisible">http://www.</span><span class="js-display-url">msfaccess.org/sites/default/</span><span class="invisible">files/MSF_assets/HepC/Docs/HCV_OvercomingBarriersToAccess_EN_May2015.pdf</span><span class="tco-ellipsis"><span class="invisible"> </span>…</span></a> <a class="twitter-atreply pretty-link js-nav" data-mentioned-user-id="39773339" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/MSF_access">@MSF_access</a> 6 de Junio 2015 </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="twitter-hashtag pretty-link js-nav" data-query-source="hashtag_click" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publichealth?src=hash">#publichealth</a> The dirty motivation behind Gilead’s <a class="twitter-hashtag pretty-link js-nav" data-query-source="hashtag_click" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/HepC?src=hash">#HepC</a> agreement <a class="twitter-hashtag pretty-link js-nav" data-query-source="hashtag_click" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/TahirAmin?src=hash">#TahirAmin</a> <a class="twitter-timeline-link" data-expanded-url="http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/11/pharmaceuticals-gileadhepc.html" dir="ltr" href="http://t.co/EHzShhTPa1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/11/pharmaceuticals-gileadhepc.html"><span class="invisible">http://</span><span class="js-display-url">america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/</span><span class="invisible">11/pharmaceuticals-gileadhepc.html</span><span class="tco-ellipsis"><span class="invisible"> </span>…</span></a> <a class="twitter-atreply pretty-link js-nav" data-mentioned-user-id="1178700896" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/ajam">@ajam</a> v <a class="twitter-atreply pretty-link js-nav" data-mentioned-user-id="1382834618" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/Sean_Fiil_Flynn">@Sean_Fiil_Flynn</a> <a class="twitter-hashtag pretty-link js-nav" data-query-source="hashtag_click" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/A2M?src=hash">#A2M</a> 22 Noviembre 2014</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span><b><br /></b></span></li>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2814330838470356389.post-17265641667780469462016-09-22T10:39:00.000-07:002016-10-05T07:01:46.228-07:00Reports-Informes Recursos <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In this <a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/p/reports-informes-recursos.html">section</a> you will find reports, in-depth analysis and investigative materials in English, French, Spanish or Catalan on a range of issues and topics, from public health to human rights or <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">specific national<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> situations</span></span> uploaded between 2011 and 2015 (new material will be made available weekly) . Each title provides a link to the original location, a summary or/and highlights and context information (posts in the blog, tweets and other sources). </span></span></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">O<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ther reports and analysis are to be found in <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">posts else<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">where in the blog, like <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">HRW´<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">s documenting </span> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2011/07/new-hrw-report-on-torture-under-bush.html">torture under the </a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2011/07/new-hrw-report-on-torture-under-bush.html">G.W.</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2011/07/new-hrw-report-on-torture-under-bush.html">Bush administration</a> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">and </span>the situation in <a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2011/10/personne-ne-se-souvient-de-nous-haiti.html">Haiti <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> after the earthquake</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>or </span></span></span></span></span><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/01/msf-report-on-vaccine-pricing.html"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">MSF materials on Vaccine<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> pr<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">icing</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a name='more'></a></span></span></span></h3>
<a href="http://www.twn.my/title2/FTAs/General/TPPHumanRights.pdf">Potential Human Rights Impact of TPP</a> Sanya Reid Smith Third World Network 2015<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUBlW6W_Jc89bIFinwK8SI_LlIS-QBAEVvmwDh9G9LpFttHWgVd02fOHTBsb3fFDIYRs4UZrCeK4VQn95tPTlbySvFdLTNeXEVeWgm2vJM3ZJBI2DYr-Ztu9c0K9b7c5Sob846wM0GS58/s1600/kenya0615_reportcover.jpg"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUBlW6W_Jc89bIFinwK8SI_LlIS-QBAEVvmwDh9G9LpFttHWgVd02fOHTBsb3fFDIYRs4UZrCeK4VQn95tPTlbySvFdLTNeXEVeWgm2vJM3ZJBI2DYr-Ztu9c0K9b7c5Sob846wM0GS58/s200/kenya0615_reportcover.jpg" /></a><br />
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<a href="http://www.hrw.org/reports/2015/06/15/insult-injury-0">Insult to Injury The 2014 Lamu and Tana River Attacks and Kenya’s Abusive Response Human Rights</a> Watch June 2015 <br />
<a href="https://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/egypt_report.pdf">Stifling Egyptian civil society: Sexual violence by security forces surges under el-Sisi </a><a href="https://www.fidh.org/">FIDH</a> May 2015 <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK_3wGQfANhvpdx9j0LcijDphM3hyphenhyphenWPvTGkZjmDvH5SdgSjXNyQLxaSsKV0sXVP049MBZd-qdPECnkHOrFE_hUZ3X05hXsrdxwMY92kU0dsFbBsXCITXw2drCNnJf7GodINFPTcs6JL2A/s1600/arton12414-91173.jpg"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK_3wGQfANhvpdx9j0LcijDphM3hyphenhyphenWPvTGkZjmDvH5SdgSjXNyQLxaSsKV0sXVP049MBZd-qdPECnkHOrFE_hUZ3X05hXsrdxwMY92kU0dsFbBsXCITXw2drCNnJf7GodINFPTcs6JL2A/s200/arton12414-91173.jpg" /></a><br />
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<a href="http://www.fidh.org/Haiti-la-securite-humaine-en-12414">Haïti : la sécurité humaine en danger</a> <a href="http://www.fidh.org/-francais-">Federation Internationale Droits de l'Homme</a> (FIDH) <a href="http://rnddh.org/">Réseau national pour la défense des droits humains </a>(RNDDH) Centre Œcuménique des Droits Humains (CEDH) Novembre 2011<br />
<a href="http://platformlondon.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/A-Secret-Subsidy-piracy.pdf">A Secret Subsidy – Oil companies, the Navy and the response to Piracy</a>. <a href="http://platformlondon.org/about-us/">Platform London </a>October 2012 <br />
<a href="http://www.republicart.net/disc/artsabotage/afrikagruppe01_fr.htm">Manuel de communication-guérilla Autonome a.f.r.i.k.a.-gruppe</a>, <a href="http://www.lutherblissett.net/">Luther Blissett</a> et Sonja Brünzels<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS0LAYMCrr5WxKnufXo8jz6vodW2r6tN7gnhLstuNsPc2-RtLkS_enujceHDJL4s0kpVoQoLPSE4TK2YNpPcSxMT5TPYXv9PN8iueAmTM96P5iWbn3gzmbrKwBRv4edk0bVvtnT41vO6A/s1600/pmss_cover_images_3380.jpg"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS0LAYMCrr5WxKnufXo8jz6vodW2r6tN7gnhLstuNsPc2-RtLkS_enujceHDJL4s0kpVoQoLPSE4TK2YNpPcSxMT5TPYXv9PN8iueAmTM96P5iWbn3gzmbrKwBRv4edk0bVvtnT41vO6A/s200/pmss_cover_images_3380.jpg" /></a><br />
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<a href="http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/getElectronicVersion.aspx?nr=3380&alt=1">Estado de las Ciudades de América Latina y el Caribe</a> Rumbo a una nueva transición urbana <a href="http://www.unhabitat.org/">UN Habitat </a>Agosto 2012 <br />
<a href="http://www.centredelas.org/attachments/663_Militarisme%20a%20America%20Llatina_cat.pdf">Militarisme a Amèrica Llatina </a><a href="http://www.centredelas.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=258&Itemid=76&lang=en#POrtega">Pere Ortega</a> i Juan Sebastián Gómez <a href="http://www.centredelas.org/">Centre d’Estudis per la Pau J.M. Delàs</a> Febrer 2011<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlQKR_48wvhsAzHKE3cpKTrALRoaL-jBSILEAMp7V38qkTHbiVHsxouG5wx65zOAwZVT2N8YTs4BZ2-gxaSLszHO0Dmi2p2qmGfk0jcZ1Wq9xhs-Wnk3Fy9AYOxUbqiGheirLt0vaak6I/s1600/Vax_TRS-report-cover.jpg"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlQKR_48wvhsAzHKE3cpKTrALRoaL-jBSILEAMp7V38qkTHbiVHsxouG5wx65zOAwZVT2N8YTs4BZ2-gxaSLszHO0Dmi2p2qmGfk0jcZ1Wq9xhs-Wnk3Fy9AYOxUbqiGheirLt0vaak6I/s200/Vax_TRS-report-cover.jpg" /></a><br />
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<a href="http://vax_the_right_shot_report_2nded_2015.pdf/">The Right Shot: Bringing down barriers to affordable and adapted vaccines</a> <a href="http://www.msfaccess.org/">MSF Access Campaign</a> January 2015 <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7ukfkSvjdTxyp7CssFum3Hmae7q_d54kkvX-t6bId4hf-_lZSOBFyel3xqbM3hO1CysJYWmPtgvS37tbwXgKP8ZdiSEXVW0xkZf1S4t5p195tSzaByXvVCd_Q5-hfFpPZbxoC4adddas/s1600/bahraini-uprising-in-photos-road-blocks-tear-gas-and-no-right-to-protest-body-image-1436462540.jpg"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7ukfkSvjdTxyp7CssFum3Hmae7q_d54kkvX-t6bId4hf-_lZSOBFyel3xqbM3hO1CysJYWmPtgvS37tbwXgKP8ZdiSEXVW0xkZf1S4t5p195tSzaByXvVCd_Q5-hfFpPZbxoC4adddas/s200/bahraini-uprising-in-photos-road-blocks-tear-gas-and-no-right-to-protest-body-image-1436462540.jpg" /></a><br />
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<a href="http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/reports/weaponizing-tear-gas.html">Weaponizing Tear Gas:Bahrain's Unprecedented Use of Toxic Chemical Agents Against Civilians</a> <a href="https://www.google.es/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjFopTy0qPPAhXGbRQKHVsgCyYQFggmMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fphysiciansforhumanrights.org%2F&usg=AFQjCNHuAZQ6ZTAuO0JS7VbGxiWI0tqIag&sig2=KK-nF83FVKLUzYuWzkjBHQ&bvm=bv.133387755,d.bGs">Physicians for Human Rights</a> by <a href="http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/about/experts/holly-g-atkinson.html">Holly G. Atkinson, MD, FACP</a><a href="http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/about/people/staff/richard-sollom.html"> Richard Sollom, MA, MPH</a> 2011<br />
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<a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/p/reports-informes-recursos.html">Reports-Informes-Recursos Page</a><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2814330838470356389.post-73277496130821868612016-09-18T09:09:00.000-07:002016-09-23T04:33:19.962-07:00Humanitarian Intervention´s original sin<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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--></style><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">We recover a piece from <a href="http://fletcher.tufts.edu/Fletcher_Directory/Directory/Faculty%20Profile?personkey=6D6C9778-0DD9-4125-963C-62E636338014">Alex
De Wall</a> (<a href="http://fletcher.tufts.edu/">Fletcher
School, Tufts University</a>) on the legality of bombing medical facilities (protected by <a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=D8F87DF50E554BC2C12563CD0051A030">Article
19</a> of the <a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/INTRO/365?OpenDocument">1949
Geneva Convention</a>) under the light of the precedent set out by US forces in
Somalia during the UN-endorsed “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Task_Force">Operation Res<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">tore</span> Ho<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">p</span>e</a>”
between December 1992 and May 1993.
Recent instances of disregard for medical neutrality in <a href="http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/article/yemen-airstrike-msf-supported-hospital-kills-least-11-wounds-least-19">Yemen</a>,
<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/29/syrian-maternity-hospital-bombed-says-save-the-children-idlib">Syria</a>
and <a href="https://theintercept.com/2016/04/28/searching-for-ground-truth-in-the-kunduz-hospital-bombing/">Afghanistan</a>
and examples of impunity for misconduct of foreign troops operating under UN
banner in <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/11/un-peacekeepers-accused-killing-rape-central-african-republic">Central
African Republic</a>, <a href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/haiti-canada-quebec-united-nations-peacekeepers-1.3716745">Haiti</a>
and <a href="http://www.radiookapi.net/2016/04/05/actualite/securite/beni-la-monusco-enquete-sur-les-allegations-dabus-sexuels-commis-par">Republic
Democratic of Congo</a> make this article even more relevant. We have added a
few more hyperlinks and provided context information at the end of the post. </span></span></span></div>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A member of US military forces walks through the remains of a church in Mogadishu, Somalia. Made in December 1992 during Operation Restore Hope <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/richpix/" title="Go to Rich Mason's photostream">Rich Mason</a>
<a href="https://www.flickr.com/" target="_blank">Flickr</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Is It Ever Legal to Bomb a Hospital?<i><span class="sword"> </span></i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="author vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="http://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/author/adewaa01/" rel="author" title="Posts by Alex DeWaal">Alex DeWaal</a></span></span> <span class="sword">On</span> <span class="date time published" title="2015-10-06T12:01:12+0000">October 6, 2015</span></span></span><i> </i></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Dr. Omar was conducting an exploratory laparotomy on a female patient with a bullet wound in her abdomen when the entire hospital shook with the sound of explosions. Windows were shattering and a light and plaster fell from the ceiling. A nurse ran in to say that a missile had been fired through the wall of another operating theater, that three patients had been killed, and staff and patients were rushing to take shelter in the basement. Dr. Omar stayed with his patient, stitching her up even while the building reverberated with the assault.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">This was June 17, 1993, in Mogadishu. Digfer hospital (renamed as Erdoğan Hospital in January 2015) the largest in the Somali capital, was attacked by U.S. helicopters and Moroccan armored units, as part of a United Nations force. In a separate incident, a missile was fired into a compound of Médecins Sans Frontières. Sound familiar? The recent attack by U.S.-led NATO forces in Afghanistan on a hospital run by MSF prompted the BBC to ask, “<a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34444053">is it ever legal to bomb a hospital?</a>”<br /><br />Armed with a copy of the Geneva Conventions (with Somali banknotes as bookmarks), and handwritten interview notes from my inquiries at Digfer hospital and elsewhere, I asked exactly the same question 22 years ago in Mogadishu. The answer I got from the U.S. military attorney was that the intervening forces in Somalia were not bound by the Geneva Conventions, only by the UN Security Council resolution (<a href="http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/794(1992)">S/Res/794</a>) that authorized “all necessary force.” I gasped in incredulity. After I left the U.N. compound, an order was issued that I was to be detained, on the grounds of “supporting the propaganda efforts of the USC [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Somali_Congress">United Somali Congress</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Farrah_Aidid">Aideed</a>’s forces].”<br /><br /><a href="https://newleftreview.org/I/230/alex-de-waal-us-war-crimes-in-somalia">The U.S. and the U.N. forces in Somalia in 1993 committed war crimes.</a> With a few exceptions (notably the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia_Affair">inquiry</a> into the killings committed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Deliverance">Canadian special forces</a>) these were never investigated and charges were not brought against those responsible.<br /><br />This was a shame—not only a deep stain on the record of the U.N. and the countries that contributed troops—but also a terrible precedent for the behavior of intervening forces. To those who dreamed that “Operation Restore Hope” would usher in a new world order, “humanitarian intervention” was a moral flag under which all acts could be justified, all errors forgiven. For the residents of Mogadishu, it was just another war.<br /><br />In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(1993)">battle of Mogadishu</a> in the summer of 1993, new military doctrines of overwhelming force were tested in a densely-populated urban area, causing thousands of civilian casualties, with near-total impunity. The most advanced military targeting technologies of the day malfunctioned, causing (among other things) the house next door to the headquarters of General Mohamed Farah Aideed to be neatly flattened, and a meeting of clan elders discussing a peace proposal to be destroyed, with over fifty fatalities. Many of the calamitous errors and crimes committed by the intervening forces in Iraq and Afghanistan were prefigured in the Somali intervention.<br /><br />Mogadishu made a mockery of the idea of a “humanitarian war”. How many times do we need to re-learn this rather obvious truth?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Original Posting </b> <a href="https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2015/10/06/is-it-ever-legal-to-bomb-a-hospital/">Is It Ever Legal to Bomb a Hospital?</a><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="author vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="http://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/author/adewaa01/" rel="author" title="Posts by Alex DeWaal"> Alex DeWaal</a></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="author vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace">World Peace Foundation </a>October 2015 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>More info</b></span></span></span></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/24/opinion/doctors-without-hospitals.html?_r=0">Doctors wihtout Hospitals </a>Jason Cone (<a href="https://twitter.com/jtcone1977">@jtcone1977</a>) New York Times Op-Ed. October 23rd 2015 </span></span></li>
<li> <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2011-10-17/true-costs-humanitarian-intervention">The True Costs of Humanitarian Intervention.The Hard Truth About a Noble Notion</a> Benjamin A. Valentino <a href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/">Foreign Affairs </a>November/December 2011 </span></span></li>
<li> <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-37372597">An obituary for the age of intervention?</a> <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/correspondents/jonathanmarcus">Jonathan Marcus</a> <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/">BBC World</a> 17 September 2016</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>In the blog</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/08/rdc-et-la-communaute-internationale.html">RDC et la communauté internationale</a> August 15 </span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"> <b>Through @OnadaExpansiva </b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Yemen?src=hash">#Yemen</a> Deadly <a href="https://twitter.com/MSF">@MSF</a> Hospital Bombing Highlights an Escalating War <a href="https://t.co/Z6X4Www6Ni">http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/25/world/middleeast/yemen-saudi-arabia-hospital-bombing.html?ref=world …</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/Shuaibalmosawa">@Shuaibalmosawa</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/MarkMazzettiNYT">@MarkMazzettiNYT</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/nytimesworld">@nytimesworld</a></span></span></span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2814330838470356389.post-60683226103940044322016-03-18T07:32:00.000-07:002016-04-07T05:21:20.000-07:00Burkina Faso,Septembre 2015: Putsch raté en pays insoumis <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">On a du bien a partager cet article de <a href="http://survie.org/auteur/mathieu-lopes">Mathieu Lopes</a> avec photographies de <a href="http://sophiegarcia.net/">Sophie Garcia</a> paru chez <a href="http://survie.org/"> survie</a> il y a quelques mois sur la crise parvenue en Burkina Faso en septembre 2015 lors de la tentative de coup d´Etat menée par la <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9giment_de_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_pr%C3%A9sidentielle">Régiment de la Securité Présidentielle </a>(RSP),visant le procès de transition entamé par le pays depuis la chute de <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9">Blaise Compaoré </a>suite a un <a href="http://graphics.rfi.fr/burkina-faso-revolte-compaore-manifestation-images/?ns_campaign=reseaux_sociaux&ns_source=FB&ns_mchannel=social&ns_linkname=marketing&aef_campaign_ref=partage_aef&aef_campaign_date=2014-10-31">soulèvement populaire</a> en octobre 2014. C´est un article qui examine de façon critique le role joué pendant ces jours de confusion par des institutions comme la <a href="http://www.ecowas.int/?lang=fr">CEDEAO</a> ou l´ambassade de la France; sa lecture peut aussi donner un peu de perspective a des évènements dans le pays après les attaques meurtrières a <a href="http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20160116-dernier-bilan-attaque-terroriste-ouagadougou-assaut">Ouagadougou</a> (janvier 2016) et <a href="https://t.co/LlzzFILHni">Grand-Bassam</a>, <span lang="FR" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Côte</span> d´Ivoire (mars 2016), notamment le <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35818009">déploiement des forces</a> paramilitaires françaises pour "<a href="http://lepays.bf/visite-de-valls-a-bamako-et-a-ouaga-une-compassion-interessee/">combattre le terrorisme</a>" en Afrique de l´Ouest. <span style="font-size: x-small;">On a inséré les notes au pied au corps du texte, en taille mineur et entre parenthèses, et ajouté quelques hyperliens; à la fin du post plus d´information d´autres sources relayée par @onadaexpansiva </span></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-size: x-small;">Journée de protestation des organisations de la société civile le 6 février
2015 sous le slogan "Non au RSP" photo de <a href="http://www.rfi.fr/auteur/yaya-boudani/">Yaya Boudani</a> pour la note de <a href="http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20150207-burkina-faso-compaore-regiment-securite-presidentielle-societe-civile-rue?ns_campaign=reseaux_sociaux&ns_source=twitter&ns_mchannel=social&ns_linkname=editorial&aef_campaign_ref=partage_aef&aef_campaign_date=2015-02-07">RFI Burkina: la société civile dans la rue contre le RSP</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><u>Putsch raté en pays insoumis</u></b> <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="http://survie.org/auteur/mathieu-lopes">Mathieu Lopes</a> <a href="http://survie.org/">Survie </a>Octobre 2015</span></span></div>
<div id="chapo" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Vestiges du régime de Compaoré, la garde
présidentielle et le général Diendéré ont tenté de prendre le pouvoir,
moins d’un an après l’insurrection qui a chassé le dictateur. Ils ont
échoué face à la résistance massive des Burkinabè et d’une partie de
l’armée. Les dirigeants africains ou français se sont positionnés à
contretemps et parfois à contresens de la volonté populaire.</span></div>
<div id="textememe">
<a name='more'></a><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Le 16 septembre, des membres du Régiment de sécurité présidentielle (RSP) interrompent le conseil des ministres. C’est au moins la <a href="http://survie.org/billets-d-afrique/2015/244-mars-2015/article/le-general-diendere-a-la-manoeuvre-4945">troisième fois depuis l’insurrection d’octobre 2014</a> que ce régiment emblématique du règne de Blaise Compaoré tente ainsi d’imposer ses revendications aux autorités de la transition chargées du pouvoir jusqu’aux élections prévues en octobre. Mais cette fois, les
militaires vont plus loin et arrêtent le président Kafando et l’ensemble
des ministres. Ce putsch désigne le lendemain matin le général <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Diend%C3%A9r%C3%A9">Gilbert Diendéré</a> comme chef de la junte.</span></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img alt="JPEG - 1.1 Mo" src="http://survie.org/local/cache-vignettes/L634xH423/HL_SGARCIA_INSURREC_106016-66487.jpg" height="266" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Photo Sophie Garcia.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b> Dérapage préparé</b></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">L’ancien numéro 2 du régime Compaoré affirme aujourd’hui qu’il
n’avait pas prévu de prendre le pouvoir et que le coup de force du RSP
n’avait pour but que de s’opposer à sa dissolution, annoncée en raison
de la menace permanente qu’il faisait peser sur la transition et du fort
potentiel de nuisance dont il disposait (<span style="font-size: x-small;">Le RSP est le régiment sur lequel Compaoré s’est appuyé pour régner,
lui confiant la répression dans le sang de toute opposition lors de ses
10 premières années, entre autres basses œuvres. Bien armé, bien payé et
expérimenté, ce régiment a toujours été considéré comme pouvant tenir
tête au reste de l’armée du pays.)</span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Mais l’opération semble très bien préparée. Dès le lancement, les
médias sont coupés, y compris Radio Oméga, seule radio qui avait pu
couvrir en continu l’insurrection de 2014, dont le matériel est détruit.
Le RSP cible les piliers de la mobilisation de l’an passé et pourchasse
tout particulièrement les membres du <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Balai_citoyen">Balai citoyen</a>. Sams’K le Jah et
Smockey, figures de ce mouvement de jeunesse fortement mobilisé en 2014,
doivent fuir alors que les putschistes viennent les traquer à leurs
domiciles. Le studio de musique de Smockey est même partiellement
détruit par un tir de roquette. Des comptes de propagande sur les
réseaux sociaux hostiles à l’insurrection et à la transition, silencieux
depuis des mois, sont réactivés.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Difficile d’y voir un simple coup de pression qui aurait dérapé.
D’autant que la seule mesure politique des putschistes, au-delà de la
prise du pouvoir, est <a class="spip_in" href="http://survie.org/billets-d-afrique/2015/246-mai-2015/article/annick-girardin-sans-ingerence-4954">la promesse d’élections "inclusives"</a>. Le CNT (<span style="font-size: x-small;">Le Conseil national de la transition tient le rôle de Parlement du Burkina Faso pendant la transition</span>.)<span style="font-size: small;"> s’appuyant sur la <a href="http://www.ipu.org/idd-f/afr_charter.pdf">Charte africaine de la démocratie de l’Union africaine</a> a en effet invalidé la candidature de plusieurs membres de
l’ancien régime aux prochaines élections, au titre de leur action passée
en faveur du changement constitutionnel prévu par Compaoré pour se
maintenir au pouvoir (</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cette charte précise <i>"Les
auteurs de changement anticonstitutionnel de gouvernement ne doivent ni
participer aux élections organisées pour la restitution de l’ordre
démocratique, ni occuper des postes de responsabilité dans les
institutions politiques de leur Etat.</i>"</span>).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Les condamnations internationales du coup d’État sont unanimes, même <a class="spip_in" href="http://survie.org/billets-d-afrique/2014/241-decembre-2014/article/pour-washington-et-paris-le-4899">du côté de la France et des USA, pour qui Gilbert Diendéré est un vieux compagnon</a>.
Le général, qui a joué un rôle-clé dans l’assassinat de Sankara, a été
le contact privilégié des coopérants militaires français pendant les 27
ans du règne de Compaoré, durant lequel le régime a été de bien des
coups tordus françafricains. Il est fort apprécié des occidentaux pour
la place qu’il occupe dans l’antiterrorisme au Sahel depuis quelques
années. La légion d’honneur que la France lui a décernée en 2008 n’est
qu’un des multiples signes d’appréciation qu’il a reçus.</span></div>
<blockquote class="spip">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>« L’initialisation de la résistance contre ce coup d’État est
venue des membres de la société civile, à tel point que les putschistes
ont cherché à en assassiner les leaders »</i></span></blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Mais les Burkinabè entendent bien défendre eux-mêmes les acquis de
leur insurrection et se mobilisent à tous les niveaux : manifestations
de rues dans tous les quartiers de Ouagadougou, barricades, grève
générale décrétée par les syndicats, incendie des domiciles de certaines
figures du putsch. Le président du Conseil national de la transition,
le journaliste <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9rif_Sy">Chérif Sy</a> (<span style="font-size: x-small;">Qui a d’ailleurs contribué dans les colonnes de Survie, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">voir <a href="http://survie.org/auteur/cheriff-m-sy">là</a> notamment.</span>),
déclare assumer la vacance du pouvoir contre les putschistes et en
appelle à la mobilisation du peuple et de l’armée régulière. Si le RSP
avec ses 1300 hommes peut prétendre, difficilement, au contrôle de
Ouagadougou, le reste du Burkina Faso, insoumis, est ingouvernable pour
les putschistes. De nombreux affrontements opposent des jeunes au RSP.
On recense aujourd’hui au moins 11 tués et plus de 120 blessés par les
balles du RSP. Dans plusieurs endroits excentrés de Ouagadougou, des
jeunes auraient même eu l’ascendant sur des unités du RSP, selon les
rumeurs, nombreuses durant ces journées troubles.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="spip" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Médiation à sens unique</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Le 18 septembre, les présidents sénégalais et béninois, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macky_Sall">Macky Sall</a> et
<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Boni_Yayi">Boni Yayi</a>, représentant la CEDEAO (Communauté économique d’Afrique de
l’Ouest), rencontrent Gilbert Diendéré et s’entretiennent avec Michel
Kafando, maintenu en résidence surveillée par les putschistes. Mais
contrairement à ce que veulent faire croire les chefs d’États africains,
le président de la transition n’est pas associé aux négociations. Les
« médiateurs » convient les putschistes, les membres de l’ancien régime
et les responsables des partis politiques d’opposition à des <span style="font-size: x-small;">"</span>négociations" à l’Hôtel Laïco le dimanche 20 septembre, en présence
des ambassadeurs des USA et de la France. Les membres des autorités de
transition n’y prennent pas part, pas plus que les représentants de la
société civile, force principale de la résistance aux putschistes. Des
membres du Balai Citoyen, sortis de la clandestinité pour l’occasion,
entourent l’Hôtel pour tenter de participer aux négociations mais ils y
sont malmenés par des membres du RSP ou des militants du CDP (<span style="font-size: x-small;">Congrès pour la démocratie et le progrès, parti de Blaise Compaoré, qui
a vu la candidature de plusieurs de ses membres invalidée pour les
prochaines élections.</span>) , qui s’en prennent également à des journalistes.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Sans surprise au vu du déroulé de ces négociations n’incluant qu’une
des deux parties, les « médiateurs » présentent le dimanche soir un
« accord de sortie de crise » qui fait la part belle aux revendications
des putschistes : le pouvoir serait remis aux autorités de transition,
lesquelles ne pourraient plus légiférer que sur ce qui a trait aux
élections ; les candidatures invalidées de membres de l’ancien régime
devraient être ré-admises ; enfin, le sort du RSP ne pourrait être
déterminé qu’après les élections et les putschistes obtiendraient même
l’amnistie pour leurs actions. Les présidents africains repartent en vue
d’un sommet de la CEDEAO censé entériner l’accord quelques jours plus
tard.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">François Hollande, en déplacement au Maroc (<span style="font-size: x-small;">où est alors hospitalisé Blaise Compaoré.</span>), se fend alors d’une déclaration qui soutient "<i>entièrement le dialogue engagé par des chefs d’Etat africains pour revenir au processus de transition</i>" et met étrangement "<i>en garde ceux qui voudraient s’y opposer</i>".
Pourtant, au même moment, c’est l’ensemble de la résistance burkinabè
au coup d’État qui s’y oppose. Guy-Hervé Kam, du Balai citoyen, déclare
ainsi à la presse : <i>"c’est honteux ce qu’a proposé la CEDEAO</i>". L’amnistie des putschistes est particulièrement inacceptable pour les Burkinabè.</span></div>
<dl class="spip_document_3140 spip_documents spip_documents_center">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img alt="JPEG - 1.7 Mo" src="http://survie.org/local/cache-vignettes/L634xH423/HL_SGARCIA_INSURREC_105989-09416.jpg" height="266" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Manifestante burkinabè armée d’une pierre lors de l’insurrection en 2014. Photo Sophie Garcia.</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<dt style="text-align: center;"><br /></dt>
</dl>
<div class="spip" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Sortie de crise 100 % burkinabè</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Les mobilisations dans les rues ne faiblissent pas, bien au
contraire. Des liens ont été entretenus entre la société civile, Chériff
Sy et de jeunes officiers de l’armée régulière, qui finissent par
obliger leur hiérarchie à se positionner contre les putschistes. Le
lundi 21 septembre, plusieurs colonnes de "l’armée loyaliste" sont
formées dans différentes casernes de province et prennent la route de
Ouagadougou, sous les acclamations de la foule, en vue de désarmer le
RSP. Le lendemain, sans combattre, ils imposent des négociations aux
putschistes.
L’issue est très différente de ce que proposait la CEDEAO. Dans l’accord
qui est finalement signé, le RSP accepte son cantonnement et son
désarmement sous trois jours en échange de garantie de sécurité pour ses
membres et leurs familles. Un membre des institutions de la transition
joint par téléphone s’enthousiasme alors : <i>"on est en train de tout gagner</i>".
Cet accord ridiculise définitivement la CEDEAO. Le président nigérian
s’est d’ailleurs plaint à la presse que le mouvement des militaires
contre le RSP avait <i>"sapé les efforts de la médiation</i>" de l’institution régionale.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Il faudra plusieurs jours pour que les putschistes soient
définitivement neutralisés, durant lesquels un assaut sera donné par
l’armée burkinabè contre le camp du RSP où quelques éléments refusaient
encore leur désarmement, et le général Diendéré se réfugiera à
l’ambassade du Vatican avant d’être remis aux autorités.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="spip" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">La France à contretemps</span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">La France a tenté de redorer son blason en envoyant ses troupes et
son ambassadeur récupérer le président Kafando à sa résidence
surveillée, avec l’accord de Diendéré. <a class="spip_out" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2015/09/22/a-ouagadougou-l-armee-veut-faire-plier-les-rebelles_4766691_3210.html" rel="external">L’envoyé spécial du Monde a enjolivé cette simple escorte en "<i>[exfiltration] par des militaires français</i>"</a>.L’ambassadeur français, Gilles Thibault, a fanfaronné sur Twitter (<span class="ProfileCard-screenname u-dir" dir="ltr"><a class="ProfileCard-screennameLink u-linkComplex js-nav" data-aria-label-part="" href="https://twitter.com/G_Thibault_Fr">@<span class="u-linkComplex-target">G_Thibault_Fr</span></a>)</span> que le président burkinabè « <i>[était] bien à la résidence de France</i> ».
Depuis l’exfiltration bien réelle de Blaise Compaoré l’an dernier,
soustrayant le dictateur à la justice burkinabè, la France a de quoi
faire profil bas. Des militants burkinabè nous ont d’ailleurs confié
avoir usé de relais diplomatiques pour demander à Gilles Thibault de ne
pas "<i>leur faire le même coup qu’avec Compaoré</i>", une inquiétude alors partagée par d’autres ambassades, provoquant l’énervement du diplomate français.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Au-delà de cette communication et des condamnations de principe
initiales, il a fallu attendre le 21 septembre, quand la défaite des
putschistes était presque assurée, pour voir l’Élysée annoncer la
rupture de la coopération militaire et financière française. Un geste
concret mais trop tardif, qui ne saurait cacher la proximité historique
de la France avec Diendéré, rouage central de cette coopération.
Aujourd’hui, alors que la victoire contre le RSP est confirmée,
l’ambassadeur français insiste sur l’organisation des élections, où les
favoris <a class="spip_in" href="http://survie.org/billets-d-afrique/2015/249-septembre-2015/article/burkina-faso-de-l-insurrection-aux-5001">sont toujours des personnalités favorables aux intérêts tricolores</a>. Un membre de la société civile déplore un tel empressement partagé par bien des partis burkinabè :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="spip">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">« <i>les partis politiques et les bailleurs de fonds, la France en
premier, vont pousser pour qu’on aille au plus tôt aux élections. Même
s’il est clair que les élections sont importantes, le chantier
judiciaire ouvert pendant la transition a révélé de nombreux crimes. Il y
a de nombreux dossiers qui pourraient avancer si on se donnait quelques
semaines de concentration dessus. Derrière le RSP, il y a aussi un
système économique et financier mafieux. C’est maintenant qu’il faut
établir les responsabilités. Mais ça risque de ne pas être la priorité</i> ».</span></blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<div id="notes">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Link originale http://survie.org/billets-d-afrique/2015/250-octobre-2015-716/article/putsch-rate-en-pays-insoumis-5028 </span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Plus d´information</b></span><br />
<u><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Sur la net</span></u><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20150924-burkina-faso-medias-persecutions-journalistes-putschistes-kafando-diendere?ns_campaign=reseaux_sociaux&ns_source=twitter&ns_mchannel=social&ns_linkname=editorial&aef_campaign_ref=partage_aef&aef_campaign_date=2015-09-24&dlvrit=1448817">Les journalistes burkinabè ont continué d’informer, malgré les risques</a> <a href="http://www.rfi.fr/">RFI</a> 24/9/15</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://africasacountry.com/author/danieleizenga/">Why General Gilbert Diendéré is derailing the political transition in Burkina Faso Daniel Eizenga</a> <a href="http://africasacountry.com/">Africa as a Country</a> 20/9/15</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2015/04/COMMEILLAS/52835">Coup de Balai citoyen au Burkina Faso</a>David Comeillas <a href="http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/">Le Monde Diplomatique</a> 4/15 </span></li>
</ul>
<u><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A travers de @OnadaExpansiva</span></u><br />
<div class="js-tweet-text-container">
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Burkina?src=hash">#Burkina</a> La jeunesse bouscule la "<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Fran%C3%A7afrique?src=hash">#Françafrique</a>" Anne Frintz (12/14)<a href="http://t.co/oHf8FPu5eU">http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2014/12/FRINTZ/51057 …</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/mdiplo">@mdiplo</a> 18/9/1</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Burkina?src=hash">#Burkina</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/CynthiaOhh">@CynthiaOhh</a>:<a href="https://twitter.com/CEDEAO_ECOWAS">@CEDEAO_ECOWAS</a> a perdu crédit à vouloir précipiter règlement d la crise <a href="http://t.co/bSgzgM2gp4">http://www.jeuneafrique.com/266303/politique/cynthia-ohayon-la-cedeao-a-perdu-du-credit-a-vouloir-precipiter-un-reglement-de-la-crise-burkinabe/ …</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/mehdiba">@mehdiba</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/jeune_afrique">@jeune_afrique</a> 22/9/16</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Burkina?src=hash">#Burkina</a>-<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/CdI?src=hash">#CdI</a>: destins croisés. Rémi Carayol <a href="https://t.co/DvHp3zLrQH">http://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/288066/politique/burkina-cote-divoire-destins-croises/ …</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/jeune_afrique">@jeune_afrique</a> v <a href="https://twitter.com/_rebelion_org">@_rebelion_org</a> 1/1/16</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<u><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Sur le blog </span></u><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2011/08/affaire-zongo-la-force-de-la-justice.html">Affaire Zongo. La force de la justice contre la violence du pouvoir</a> 8/11</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2011/08/libye-cote-divoire-des-interventions.html">Libye, Côte d’Ivoire: des interventions qui se ressemblent </a>8/11</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/p/francais_29.html"> Français </a></span></li>
</ul>
<u><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></u> </div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2814330838470356389.post-71713882713639570222015-09-13T11:43:00.002-07:002016-09-24T08:58:40.089-07:00Death of Yugoslavia: the agony of Bosnia <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">In July 8th 1995, 8,000 Muslim Bosniak civilians,
mainly boys and men, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre#cite_note-26">Srebrenica</a>,
Eastern Bosnia, were walked to their death by units of the </span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Army of Republika Srpska">Army of Republika Srpska</a></span><span style="line-height: 115%;">;
an act tantamount to genocide, as <a href="http://www.un.org/icty/krstic/Appeal/judgement/krs-aj040419e.pdf">recognized</a>
in 2004 by the International Court on the Former Yugoslavia (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia">ICTY</a>).
This was not, by far, the sole episode of ethnic cleansing in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_War">war inBosnia</a>; a conflict that, between 1992-1995, saw </span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6228152.stm">100,000 people killed</a>,
<a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bosnia-war-crimes-the-rapes-went-on-day-and-night-robert-fisk-in-mostar-gathers-detailed-evidence-of-the-systematic-sexual-assaults-on-muslim-women-by-serbian-white-eagle-gunmen-1471656.html">roughly
bewtween 20,000 to 50,000 women</a>, the majority of whom Bosniak, raped, and over <a href="http://www.unhcr.org/4bbb422512.html">2.2 million people displaced</a>.
It is worth remembering that the Bosniak legitimate government was left
completely alone in his fight for survival against Croatian and Serbian backed
forces except for the help of <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/05/world/muslims-from-afar-joining-holy-war-in-bosnia.html">Saudi
Arabia</a> (resources and weapons) and <a href="http://serbianna.com/blogs/savich/archives/56">Iran</a> (weapons, soldiers
and cadres encompassing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_mujahideen">volunteers</a> from all
over the Islamic world). </span></span></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiur_m52Eq6P3DMHWwTUDVQ-cgILAJYLtJdpCGbSOaSeUhHGLbfuQVEe7oXvLAeT03JzdR88ESSLLwaFrq-k6Vxil456ELrczZgXCy8d42COFqHIkun7g3j-fJW2IcB6cuu08PYmRjmXLk/s1600/tumblr_menlt8xbPX1qzp7ljo1_r1_500.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiur_m52Eq6P3DMHWwTUDVQ-cgILAJYLtJdpCGbSOaSeUhHGLbfuQVEe7oXvLAeT03JzdR88ESSLLwaFrq-k6Vxil456ELrczZgXCy8d42COFqHIkun7g3j-fJW2IcB6cuu08PYmRjmXLk/s400/tumblr_menlt8xbPX1qzp7ljo1_r1_500.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sarajevo 1993 from <a href="http://architectureofdoom.tumblr.com/">Architecture of Doom</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">For
a closer look at the conflict in Bosnia and the US<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">-</span>arranged <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Agreement">peace agreements</a> we highly
recommend two episodes of the 6-part BBC documentary </span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLqD5Su3ZJjjbCsgVCE90msl9d4nHdV4Pu">The Death of Yugoslavia</a> (</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Paul Mitchell</b>, BBC, 1995)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> based on the book</span><span class="a-size-large"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_Yugoslavia"><u>The Death of Yugoslavia</u></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>by </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Allan Little</span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;"> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Laura Silber</b> (<span class="a-size-medium">Penguin BBC Books <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>June 1996</span>)</span></span></span></span></span></span>:<i> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jwdZKW1SaMs&index=4&list=PLqD5Su3ZJjjbCsgVCE90msl9d4nHdV4Pu">The Gates of Hell </a></i></span> <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">and</span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></span><i><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vM3MiPxXrkM&list=PLqD5Su3ZJjjbCsgVCE90msl9d4nHdV4Pu&index=6" target="_blank">Pax Americana</a></i>.</span></span></span></span><br />
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><u><b>More Info</b></u></span></span></span></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Bosnia?src=hash">#Bosnia</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Srebrenica?src=hash">#Srebrenica</a> Massacre, After 20 Years, Still Casts a Long Shadow <a href="http://t.co/RHzCr2JI4f">http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/09/world/europe/srebrenica-genocide-massacre.html?ref=world …</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/DanBilefsky">@DanBilefsky</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/nytimesworld">@nytimesworld</a></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Bosnia?src=hash">#Bosnia</a> Women Who Refuse to Die <a href="http://t.co/kIbLUrR8">http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2012/06/201262711846997219.html …</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/AJEnglish">@AJEnglish</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Srebrenica?src=hash">#Srebrenica</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/genocide?src=hash">#genocide</a></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Bosnia?src=hash">#Bosnia</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/documentary?src=hash">#documentary</a> "<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Srebrenica?src=hash">#Srebrenica</a> : A Town Betrayed" <a href="http://t.co/3VcwIMeerH">http://seen.li/5c97 </a> v <a href="https://twitter.com/visionscarto">@visionscarto</a></span></span> </li>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2814330838470356389.post-47029102716875541502015-08-27T03:49:00.002-07:002015-09-07T07:28:21.592-07:00Actualización Sección Castellano<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Ha pasado algún
tiempo desde que actualizamos la sección <a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/p/castellano.html">Castellano</a> del blog donde agrupamos
todo el material compartido en ibérica (y americana) lengua. <span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Aprovechamos
la ocasión para repasar <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>el conjunto de
artículos, notas e informes, incluyendo tambíen algunos posts que se nos olvidó
incluir<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>en la primera recopilación allá
por 2011. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>En Noviembre de 2012
publicábamos </span><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2012/11/barrickgold-explotando-el-filon-de.html"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">BarrickGold, explotando el filón de
impunidad de los Actores No Estatales</span></a><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;"> <span lang="ES">haciéndonos eco de la
carta abierta distribuida por el </span></span><a href="http://www.colectivodeabogados.org/"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Colectivo de Abogados Jose Alvear Restrepo</span></a><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;"> (@ccajar) y firmada
por un numeroso grupo <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>organizaciones
civiles sobre las puertas giratorias entre esta empresa minera y personalidades
vinculadas al trabajo de Naciones Unidas contra la impunidad de las empresas transnacionales
(</span><a href="http://www.colectivodeabogados.org/Naciones-Unidas-Quien-quiere-pasar"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Naciones Unidas: ¿Quién quiere pasar por
la puerta giratoria</span></a><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;">). </span>Tema
que volvimos a tratar en Enero de 2015 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>con una nota, <a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/01/puertas-giratorias-vasos-comunicantes.html">Puertas
giratorias, vasos comunicantes del poder </a>, basada en un artículo, de <a href="http://omal.info/spip.php?page=mot_diccionario&id_mot=247">Anne Garay</a>
aparecido originalmente en la pagina del Observatorio sobre Multinacionales en
América Latina (<a href="http://omal.info/">OMAL</a>) en el marco de su
proyecto conjunto con el Instituto de Estudios sobre Desarrollo y Cooperación
Internacional (<a href="http://www.hegoa.ehu.es/">HEGOA</a>) de <a href="http://omal.info/spip.php?article4966">Diccionario crítico de empresas
transnacionales. Claves para enfrentar el poder de las grandes corporaciones</a>
editado por <a href="http://www.icariaeditorial.com/">Icaria Editorial</a>. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">En Junio de este año compartíamos Brasil: La
realidad oculta de los megaeventos , un artículo de <a href="https://www.diagonalperiodico.net/tags-autores/fran-perez-fernandez">Fran
Perez Fernandez</a> aparecido en <a href="http://www.diagonalperiodico.net/">El
Diagonal</a>. <span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Sobre los costes (gentrificación, explotación laboral…) asociados
a la celebración de grandes eventos deportivos como el Múndial de Futbol o los
Juegos Olímpicos en Brasil. Finalmente, en Julio publicamos </span><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/07/falsos-positivos-responsables-de.html"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Falsos positivos: responsables de
ejecuciones extrajudiciales amparados y recompensados por el Estado.</span></a><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;">conbase a un informe de <a href="http://www.hrw.org/">Human
Rights Watch</a> sobre la aparente impunidad de altos oficiales del ejército
colombiano implicados en el escándalo de los falsos positivos, ejecuciones
sumarias de civiles que posteriormente eran presentados como guerrilleros
caídos en combate.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Hemos publicado bastante material sobre temas de Salud Pública,
en especial acceso a tecnologías sanitarias la mayoría de elaboración
propia;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>en octubre de 2013 compartíamos
una nota, </span><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2013/10/recursos-sobre-precios-de-medicamentos.html"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Recursos sobre Precios de Medicamentos. Disponiblidad
Tratamientos TB</span></a><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;">, sobre la </span><a href="http://erc.msh.org/mainpage.cfm?file=1.0.htm&module=DMP&language=spanish" target="_blank"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Guía Internacional
de Indicadores de Precios de Medicamentos</span></a><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;"> ( hyperlink) fruto
de la colaboracion entre la organizacion </span><a href="http://www.msh.org/" target="_blank"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Management Sciences for Health</span></a><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;"> (MSH) y la </span><a href="http://www.who.int/" target="_blank"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Organizacion Mundial
de la Salud</span></a><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;"> (OMS) así como la segunda edición (actualizada) del
informe </span><a href="http://msfaccess.org/content/dr-tb-drugs-under-microscope-2nd-edition" target="_blank"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">DR-TB Drugs Under
the Microscope. Sources and prices for drug-resistant Tuberculosis medicines</span></a><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;"> <span lang="ES">de </span></span><a href="http://www.msf.org/" target="_blank"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Médecins Sans
Frontières</span></a><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;"> (MSF) (</span><a href="http://www.msfaccess.org/" target="_blank"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Access Campaign</span></a><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;">) en colaboración
con la </span><a href="http://www.theunion.org/" target="_blank"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease </span></a><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;">sobre
fuentes y precios de Medicamentos contra la Tuberculosis. En mayo de 2015
compartíamos </span><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/05/entre-el-estado-y-el-mercado-el.html"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Entre el Estado y el mercado, el paciente
siempre pierde.</span></a><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;"> <span lang="ES">Sobre las causas y factores de las
dificultades del sistema público de salud del estado español para garantizar el
acceso a medicamentos para pacientes de Hepatitis C. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>En junio escribimos </span></span><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/06/asamblea-mundial-de-la-saludescenario.html"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Asamblea Mundial de la Salud: escenario,
luces y sombras </span></a><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;">analizando a partir de la celebración del 68 periodo de
sesiones de la Asamblea Mundial de Salud los retos y contradicciones de la Organización
Mundial de la Salud y por extensión la promoción y defensa de la salud pública
a escala global.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Igualmente
hemos reseñado algunos de los documentales y material audiovisual en castellano
agrupados en <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBtPA9JMejPiLqKEqQWUk3Q/videos">Onada
Expansiva Redux</a>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(por el momento). Así,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>en enero de 2015 compartíamos <a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/01/dignahasta-el-ultimo-aliento-felipe.html">Digna...hasta
el último aliento (Felipe Cazals, 2004)</a> documental sobre la figura de <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digna_Ochoa">Digna Ochoa</a> activista de
los derechos humanos fallecida en circunstancias aún por explicar en Octubre de
2001. <span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;">En febrero del mismo año subíamos </span><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/01/la-guerra-en-angola-miguel-fleitas-cuba.html"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">La Guerra en Angola (Miguel Fleitas, Cuba
1976)</span></a><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>documental sobre el
conflicto bélico surgido en Angola tras la declaración formal de
independencia de la metrópolis Portuguesa ofreciendo especial detalle dela
contribución cubana al esfuerzo del Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola)
(</span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_Popular_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_de_Angola"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">MPLA</span></a><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;">)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Entre esos primeros escritos que no fueron incluidos en
la primera recopilación destacamos la denuncia sobre </span><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2011/07/violaciones-al-derecho-la-vivienda-en.html"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Violaciones al derecho a la vivienda en el
Estado de México</span></a><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;"> que publicamos en Julio de 2011 en base a un informe
presentado por </span><a href="http://www.centroprodh.org.mx%20/"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Centro Prodh de Mexico</span></a><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;"> <span lang="ES">,un escrito de elaboración propia sobre la
situación carcelaria en California (y por extensión Estados Unidos) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2011/07/huelga-de-hambre-en-pelican-bay.html"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Huelga de hambre en Pelican Bay. </span>Violencia
institucional vs. voluntad de resistencia</a> asi como una nota, <a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2011/07/justicia-civil-para-los-militares.html">Justicia
civil para los militares mexicanos. Un paso adelante en la lucha contra la
impunidad.</a> de <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/">BBC Mundo</a>, sobre la
decisión de la Suprema Corte de Justicia de México sobre la jurisdicción
(civil o militar) pertinente para juzgar a <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aquellos militares acusados de violaciones a
los derechos humanos, y, finalmente las que fueron primeras líneas en este blog,
<a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2011/07/libre-de-riesgo-y-por-encima-de-la-ley.html">Asesinatos
selectivos e "intervenciones quirúrgicas", la automatización de la
muerte.</a> ,sobre la utilización de drones estadounidenses en Somalia y las
implicaciones que este tipo de armamento puede tener en la llamada guerra
(global) contra el terrorismo.</span></span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2814330838470356389.post-5308444649104112022015-08-20T09:33:00.000-07:002015-08-20T09:33:07.738-07:00Potential Human Rights impacts of Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="CA" style="line-height: 115%;">The
Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership">TPP</a> is a US-led multi-lateral trade agreement being </span><span style="line-height: 115%;">negotiated since 2006 originally by Brunei, Chile, Singapore, and New Zealand (a.ka. P4); joined in 2008 by Australia, Canada, Japan, Malaysia,
Mexico, Peru, the United States, and Vietnam for a current total of 12 countries who reportedly represent the 40%
of the world´s Gross Domestic Product (GDP); like the <a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2014/11/associacio-transatlantica-de-comerc-i.html">Transatlantic Trade andInvestment Partnership</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatlantic_Trade_and_Investment_Partnership">TTIP</a>)</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> <span lang="CA">or the <a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/07/tisa-penultima-amenaca-als-nostres.html">Trade in Services Agreeement</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_in_Services_Agreement">TISA</a>), the </span></span><a href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2015/06/just-when-you-thought-no-trade-agreement-could-be-worse-tpp-meet-rcep"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Regional ComprehensiveEconomic Partnership</span></a><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="CA" style="line-height: 115%;">or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership">RCEP </a>(another Pacific-area agreement which does
include China) TPP is being negotiated in a <a href="https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/TPP-letter-on-confidentiality.pdf">secretive way</a>: no public records of
discussions, no text of the agreement
has been made public and only <a href="http://t.co/MdqrZ1ancA">leaked chapters </a>(2 out of 11) have been made
available. An exception seems to have been made for <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/lookup.php?type=i&q=Trans-Pacific+Partnership">lobbysts for differentindustries</a> with stakes in the agreement such as pharmaceutical companies or
financial services which through <a href="http://t.co/Ug45Bhm1oZ">privileged access to public officials</a> (and
office holders) with responsiblity over the negotiations have been able to make
sure that their clients points of view and red lines are well taken into
account. </span></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZD4N3FzytldSFBLgFsNvHd2nH4P7YAFkHNxAUeszJiAOpGbs1Z1df0L2H5hSnQWZc0w1AmIuuzomAJLBIcM7BHxm3w3JRGAMtOEq5q5KH9y3hCWMoYhSK4TeNNupWD8rYWO0ZTEN8ZRI/s1600/tpp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZD4N3FzytldSFBLgFsNvHd2nH4P7YAFkHNxAUeszJiAOpGbs1Z1df0L2H5hSnQWZc0w1AmIuuzomAJLBIcM7BHxm3w3JRGAMtOEq5q5KH9y3hCWMoYhSK4TeNNupWD8rYWO0ZTEN8ZRI/s320/tpp.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="justify"><td class="tr-caption"><div class="bigHeadline" id="theHeadline">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Map of negotiating TPP members from <a href="https://boingboing.net/2015/07/16/state-department-willing-to-ov.html">State Department willing to overlook Malaysia's mass graves for the sake of TPP </a><a href="https://boingboing.net/author/cory_doctorow_1"> Cory Doctorow</a> <a href="https://boingboing.net/">Boing Boing </a>July 16th 2015</span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span> </div>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="CA">This <a href="http://t.co/CMvVdAs76b">opacity</a> is more concerning taking into account that the issues (and
policy implications) on the negotiating encompass a wide range of issues with
dramatic effects and potential impact on the lives of millions; furthermore, future interpretations of clauses (also present in other MTAs being currently negotiated) such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investor-state_dispute_settlement">Investor State Dispute Settlement</a> (ISD), the Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET,linked to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_investment_agreement&redirect=no">International Investment Agreements</a>) may seriously hinder (and compromise) the possibilities of successive governments to draft laws and policies deemed non-compatible with
the agreement, thus seriously compromising the people´s will regarding, such
issues like public services, <a href="http://t.co/C5yaoRXQ0R">drug prices</a>, or environmental regulations.</span><span lang="CA">These MTA, if completed, would insert themselves as a higher lever of the
multiple Free Trade Agreements (FTA), that the <a href="https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements">US and over 15 countries</a> have signed in the last 10 years. All of them stipulating norms
and rules that go beyond what has been agreed at the World Trade Organization
(<a href="http://www.wto.org/">WTO</a>) embodied most notably in what is known as<a href="http://applications.emro.who.int/dsaf/dsa1081.pdf"> TRIPS+</a> clauses. This would become
the new normal, specially when the WTO seems to be gridlocked in issues
such as agriculture or pharmaceutical patents issues. Again, the lives of millions of people both in rich </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="CA"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="CA">impoverished </span></span></span>parts of the world are
going to be affected by agreements being negotiated behind closed doors with
unelected people taking unaccountable decisions on behalf of the next generations. </span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="CA">We have added, in the <a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/p/reports-informes-recursos.html">Reports-Informes-Recursos</a> section, a a <a href="http://www.twn.my/">Third World Network Report</a> authored by<b> </b></span><b>Sanya Reid Smith</b> and distributed, among others, by <a href="http://infojustice.org/archives/34753">Infojustice</a> which focus on the potential human rights impact of TPP on a variety of areas and domains.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2814330838470356389.post-40832282461045082682015-08-05T08:20:00.000-07:002015-08-06T02:13:30.425-07:00RDC et la communauté internationale <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<![endif]--><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">Le <a href="http://www.the-congo-tribunal.com/">Tribunal sur le Congo</a> c´est une initiative du réalisateur suisse <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo_Rau">Milo Rau</a> que, a
l´instar d´autres tribunaux de conscience comme le <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunal_Russell">Tribunal Sartre Russell </a>sur la
guerre au Vietnam, cherche a mieux comprendre pour rendre justice aux victimes de
l´spirale de violence, pillage et viols qui a engloutie la République Démocratique
du Congo (RDC) pour les derniers 20 ans. Avec l´aide d´experts internationaux
et représentants congolais le Tribunal a tenu deux séances : la première a
Bukavu (RDC) le 29 et le 31 Mai 2015 de et la deuxième a Berlin, Allemagne entre 26 et 28 June 2015 le qui ont examiné pas
seulement les violations aux droits de l´homme commises pendant le conflit mais
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<![endif]--> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">au-delà </span><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">des acteurs locales et régionaux présents sur
le terrain ainsi que ses complices dans
le rang des anciennes puissances coloniales. Les travaux du Tribunal seront
l´objet d´un documentaire qui devrait etre disponible en 206.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;"></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">On récupère
ici la contribution de Colette Braeckman au Tribunal (vous trouverez une autre volet sur le sujet <a href="http://blog.lesoir.be/colette-braeckman/2015/07/01/de-berlin-a-berlin-quelques-rappels-pour-le-tribunal-sur-le-congo/">ici</a>); une des plus réputées
experts sur la RDC (et par extension l´Afrique des grands lacs incluant le
Rwanda et le Burundi) Madame Braeckman dresse un portrait historique de la chute
de la RDC dans le cycle de violence et impunité qui débuta avec le génocide rwandais de 1994. Son opinion vis-à-vis
de la sous-dite communauté internationale, représenté a l´occasion par les
Organisation des Nations Unies, s´avère sévère. Pas seulement par son apparente
incapacité pour freiner les abus contre la population civile au Congo mais
aussi et peut-être surtout maintenir un
zone de non-droit ou le pillage des matières premières (notamment Coltan et
<a href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/fr/news-room/content/20101203STO05948/html/Les-min%C3%A9raux-source-de-conflits-en-RDC">autres minéraux</a>) peut-il continuer sans entraves parmi les abus et les exactions contre les civils. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</span><span lang="FR">On
a ajouté des hyperliens, matériel graphique et à la fin de l´article
information de contexte</span></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
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<h1>
</h1>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFJel0hBa9DLVTa-t9erANiSQp1Q8saCteLk-n7r7tOWIl9fwilFJpT2F9EjDTJ-YDPL6g24-L8r2cEUKK1Tl2smC_BPmTcE0ALlLpOBaPeLEDbaHShP3VA_8VvqudIjh8aU5yXojuuyk/s1600/%25C2%25AB%25E2%2580%25AFCongo+Rep+Dem+carte%25E2%2580%25AF%25C2%25BB+par+of+the+translation++Eric+Gaba+%2528Sting%2529+%25E2%2580%2594+CIA+World+Factbook.+Sous+licence+Domaine+public+via+Wikimedia+Commons+-+httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwikiFileCongo_Rep_Dem_carte.gif%2523m.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFJel0hBa9DLVTa-t9erANiSQp1Q8saCteLk-n7r7tOWIl9fwilFJpT2F9EjDTJ-YDPL6g24-L8r2cEUKK1Tl2smC_BPmTcE0ALlLpOBaPeLEDbaHShP3VA_8VvqudIjh8aU5yXojuuyk/s400/%25C2%25AB%25E2%2580%25AFCongo+Rep+Dem+carte%25E2%2580%25AF%25C2%25BB+par+of+the+translation++Eric+Gaba+%2528Sting%2529+%25E2%2580%2594+CIA+World+Factbook.+Sous+licence+Domaine+public+via+Wikimedia+Commons+-+httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwikiFileCongo_Rep_Dem_carte.gif%2523m.gif" width="371" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Carte de la Republique Democratique du Congo par of the translation Eric Gaba (Sting) — <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/">CIA World Factbook</a>. Sous licence Domaine public via <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Congo_Rep_Dem_carte.gif">Wikimedia Commons</a> - </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://blog.lesoir.be/colette-braeckman/2015/07/01/le-congo-et-la-communaute-internationale-memo-pour-le-tribunal-sur-le-congo/" rel="bookmark">Le Congo et la communaute internationale: memo pour le tribunal sur le Congo</a><u><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></u></b></span></div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://blog.lesoir.be/colette-braeckman/">Colette Braeckman </a> 1 Juillet 2015 </span></h4>
<div class="categorie">
<i>
</i></div>
<div class="content_article" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Ce dimanche d’avril 1994, tous les drapeaux de toutes les agences
de l’ONU, de toutes les ONG flottaient très haut au dessus des véhicules
qui se dirigeaient vers le Burundi. Lorsque le convoi était arrêté aux
barrages, les civils tutsis étaient brutalement extraits des voitures
bondées et massacrés sur le champ. Seuls les expatriés arrivèrent sains
et saufs à la frontière. Trois jours plus tôt, dix Casques bleus belges,
qui avaient pour mandat d’observer l’application des accords de paix,
avaient été massacrés à Kigali après avoir été obligés de rendre leurs
armes. Dans le courant du mois d’avril 1994, après le départ du
contingent de 500 casques bleus belges, la mission des Nations Unies au
Rwanda, dirigée par le <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_Dallaire">général Dallaire</a>, allait être sensiblement
réduite.</span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> Ces images, celles de l’abandon du Rwanda aux mains des auteurs
du génocide, me hanteront toujours, et elles rodent encore sur les
rives des Grands Lacs. Et nul n’a oublié l’exode massif qui eut lieu
trois mois plus tard : dès le 4 juillet 1994, après la victoire du <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_patriotique_rwandais">Front patriotique rwandais</a>, deux millions de Hutus, dont beaucoup avaient
participé au massacre de leurs voisins, prirent la direction de la
Tanzanie et surtout du Congo, qui s’appelait encore Zaïre. Le
président <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko">Mobutu</a> fut mis sous pression par la France et sommé par la
communauté internationale d’accueillir sur le territoire du Nord et du
Sud Kivu plus d‘un million et demi de Rwandais, civils et militaires
confondus. Parmi eux se trouvaient de nombreux criminels, qui reçurent
tous le statut de réfugiés et bénéficièrent de l’aide et de la
protection de la communauté internationale, le Haut commissariat aux
réfugiés, les grandes agences de l’ONU tandis que des dizaines d’ONG
prenaient en charge l’organisation des camps où les génocidaires
reprenaient des forces et se préparaient à « terminer le travail »
c’est-à-dire à reprendre l’offensive.</span></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi44ZfL6r5Atjux6oeVKdHdwKnU1q-miVouGfsPjAiMtdtR4iO595sKKFw0GD198Lp1qIIlOGLEVv2S_1VAWnWTZlrnCOcFMG3N-q18ugLoQC05iVzWYD3sK1vTt0oG1XpMP-G8ZtWR97s/s1600/Rwandan-refugees-in-Zaire-006.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi44ZfL6r5Atjux6oeVKdHdwKnU1q-miVouGfsPjAiMtdtR4iO595sKKFw0GD198Lp1qIIlOGLEVv2S_1VAWnWTZlrnCOcFMG3N-q18ugLoQC05iVzWYD3sK1vTt0oG1XpMP-G8ZtWR97s/s400/Rwandan-refugees-in-Zaire-006.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="" id="result_box" lang="fr"><span class="hps">Réfugiés rwandais</span> <span class="hps">au Zaïre</span>, <span class="hps">actuelle République démocratique</span> <span class="hps">du Congo</span>, <span class="hps">en 1994.</span> <span class="hps">Photo</span>: <span class="hps">Charles</span> <span class="hps">Caratini</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">Sygma</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">Corbis empruntée de</span></span> <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/libertycentral/2010/oct/01/congo-atrocities-justice-rwanda">Identify the Congo killers and bring them to justic</a>e<span class="content__headline content__headline--byline"><span itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><a class="tone-colour" data-link-name="auto tag link" href="http://www.theguardian.com/profile/reedbrody" itemprop="url name" rel="author"> Reed Brody</a><a href="http://www.theguardian.com/"> The Guardian </a>1 Octobre 2010 </span></span><span class="content__headline content__headline--byline"></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="content__headline content__headline--byline"><span itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"></span></span><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="content__headline content__headline--byline"><span itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><br /></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">A <a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/a-week-in-goma-the-genocide-may-have-stopped-more-or-less-but-the-torments-of-the-people-of-rwanda--selfinflicted-and-otherwise--continue-in-the-choleraravaged-refugee-camps-across-the-border-in-zaire-report-by-robert-block-1417286.html">Goma, une épidémie de cholera emporta 30.000 personnes</a> dont de
nombreux citoyens congolais, à Bukavu, tous les arbres des collines
furent coupés pour construire les camps de réfugiés, au Nord Kivu, dans
le Masisi, plus de 300.000 vaches furent volées et découpées en viande
de boucherie vendue dans les camps. Après avoir abandonné le Rwanda aux
forces du génocide, la communauté internationale imposa au Congo de
subir les conséquences de cette tragédie et les populations locales ne
furent jamais dédommagées des dommages qu’entraîna cet accueil forcé.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Si dans les grandes enceintes diplomatiques plus personne ne rappelle
cette genèse de la <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/16/world/stoked-by-rwandans-tribal-violence-spreads-in-zaire.html">déstabilisation du Congo</a> et n’évoque l’<a href="http://www.projectrwanda.moonfruit.com/#/operation-turquoise/4562169946">opération française Turquoise</a> qui couvrit l’exode des réfugiés hutus, les
Congolais, eux, n’ont pas oublié. Ils savent que c’est l’implantation
sur leur territoire de milliers de citoyens rwandais qui donna prétexte à
deux guerres ( la 1ere <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_du_Congo">entre 1996 et 1997</a>, la 2eme <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuxi%C3%A8me_guerre_du_Congo">entre 1998 et 2002</a>), à d’innombrables mouvements rebelles, autochtones ou
téléguidés par les pays voisins et qu’elle justifia le déploiement, dès
le début des années 2000, de <a href="http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unamirFT.htm">la plus grande des opérations de paix de l’ONU</a>. Depuis l’arrivée des premiers observateurs en 1999, jusqu’à nos
jours où les effectifs onusiens s’élèvent à 19.815 militaires, 760
observateurs militaires, 1400 policiers, l’intervention de l’ONU a
absorbé un budget total de 8,73 milliards de dollars, soit une moyenne
de un milliard 200 millions de dollars par an. Ce qui représente la
plus grande, la plus coûteuse des opérations de paix de tous les temps.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Porté au pouvoir en 1997 par une coalition comprenant des rebelles
congolais, des militaires rwandais et ougandais, le successeur de
Mobutu, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila">Laurent Désiré Kabila</a>, se souvenait qu’en 1960 les Nations Unies
ne firent rien pour empêcher l’<a href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/democratic-republic-congo/2014-06-16/what-really-happened-congo">assassinat de Patrice Lumumba</a>. Se
méfiant de l’organisation internationale, il refusa d’autoriser une
commission d’enquête sur le<a href="http://blog.lesoir.be/colette-braeckman/2010/08/27/un-rapport-sur-les-massacres-de-hutus-met-en-cause-les-gouvernements-de-toute-la-region/"> massacre des réfugiés hutus</a> et finalement
dut en endosser la responsabilité, alors qu’il n’y était pour rien, les
tueries ayant été le fait de commandos envoyés directement par Kigali et
Kampala. Il refusa obstinément le déploiement d’une force militaire de
l’ONU et finalement, il fallut attendre son assassinat en 2001 et
l’arrivée au pouvoir de son fils <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kabila">Joseph</a> pour que les Nations unies
soient enfin autorisées à s’installer au Congo.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Il y a déjà quinze ans que la Monuc, Mission des Nations unies au Congo,
devenue <a href="http://monusco.unmissions.org/">Monusco </a>(<span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="ProfileHeaderCard-screennameLink u-linkComplex js-nav" href="https://twitter.com/MONUSCO">@<span class="u-linkComplex-target">MONUSCO</span></a>)</span>, Mission pour la stabilisation du Congo, fait partie
du paysage. Au fil des années, ses tâches se sont diversifiées, toute la
« famille » onusienne s’est installée dans le pays. Sur le plan des
transports, la Monusco est devenue la plus grande compagnie aérienne
d’Afrique mais surtout les agences se sont déployées dans tous les
secteurs : l’information avec <a href="http://radiookapi.net/">radio Okapi</a>, les droits de l’homme, la
préparation et l’observation des élections, la défense des droits de
l’enfant et des femmes ,les affaires politiques et civiles, le plaidoyer
sur d’innombrables sujets.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1-dgPGWXlOtgufgq7su-XP3FNPc2Dn3a_G2NPtPeLcwwiasyCiqLUGOtBH4PGhYTP7RWWnluQ1hqaIQlYSr5Lh5CyfrSdH1oAGsw-kjiV7J-F-_p7MKtHW3IGa1T4r_SoiLXrB87cyms/s1600/mapa-monusco-u23305.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1-dgPGWXlOtgufgq7su-XP3FNPc2Dn3a_G2NPtPeLcwwiasyCiqLUGOtBH4PGhYTP7RWWnluQ1hqaIQlYSr5Lh5CyfrSdH1oAGsw-kjiV7J-F-_p7MKtHW3IGa1T4r_SoiLXrB87cyms/s400/mapa-monusco-u23305.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="CA">Carte montrant la distribution
des effectifs de la MONUSCO à fevrier 2014; source Nations Unies (Field
Operations) empruntée de </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.resdal.org/wps/cases_01.html">An introduction to MONUSCO’s
structure</a> sur Women, Peace and Security (<a href="http://www.resdal.org/wps/index.html">REDSAL</a>)</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Même si elle concentre désormais l’essentiel de ses effectifs dans l’Est
du pays, la Monusco apparaît comme un <a href="http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/monusco/facts.shtml">Etat dans l’Etat</a> et voici deux
ans, elle a été renforcée sur le plan militaire par l’apport de 3000
hommes, envoyés par le Malawi, l’Afrique du Sud et la Tanzanie, la
<a href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/Africa-Monitor/2013/0429/Do-African-nations-have-an-ulterior-motive-in-joining-UN-Congo-brigade?nav=88-csm_category-leadStory">Brigade d’intervention africaine</a> chargée de mettre fin, définitivement, à
la prolifération de groupes armés dans l’Est du pays. Au fil des années
et des débats au Conseil de sécurité, le mandat de la force onusienne a
évolué : de simple observation au tout début, il s’est, au fil du
temps, précisé et durci. Les Casques bleus sont, plus que jamais,
officiellement chargés de protéger les populations civiles aux côtés des
forces gouvernementales et de nombreuses initiatives en ce sens ont été
prises, comme l’ouverture de lignes téléphoniques spéciales, sorte de
téléphones rouges, ou l’accompagnement de femmes revenant du marché et
menacées d’être dépouillées, enlevées et violées. Il ne se passe guère
de semaine sans que l’actuel représentant spécial de l’Onu au Congo,
l’Allemand <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Kobler">Martin Kobler</a>(<span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="ProfileHeaderCard-screennameLink u-linkComplex js-nav" href="https://twitter.com/KoblerSrsg">@<span class="u-linkComplex-target">KoblerSrsg</span></a>)</span>, un ancien d’Afghanistan, se déplace à
l’intérieur du pays er répète sa détermination à mener à bien cette
mission de protection.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Cependant, aux yeux des populations congolaises, cette protection n’est
qu’un leurre, une dangereuse illusion. Vous vous souvenez tous de la
tragédie de Srebenicza, où les Casques bleus hollandais refusèrent
d’intervenir pour protéger des civils et furent jugés par la suite.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Au Congo, depuis quinze ans, à des échelles différentes, Srebrenicza se
reproduit pratiquement chaque mois. A Bukavu, tout le monde se souvient
encore de l’entrée dans la ville du chef rebelle <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Nkunda">Laurent Nkunda</a>, qui
pût franchir les barrages onusiens sans qu’un coup de feu ne soit tiré.
Ses hommes, désireux de se venger contre une population hostile,
parcoururent le quartier résidentiel de Nguba, de maison en maison,
violant systématiquement toutes les femmes qu’ils y trouvaient. En 2008,
à <a href="http://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2008/11/07/au-nord-kivu-une-tuerie-a-eu-lieu-sous-les-yeux-des-casques-bleus_1115922_3210.html">Kiwandja, au Nord Kivu</a>, des centaines de civils furent massacrés par
ces mêmes rebelles dirigés par Nkunda et j’ai moi-même vu les rouleaux
de barbelés qui entouraient le camp de Casques bleus à deux kilomètres
de là, des rouleaux sur lesquels des civils venus alerter et demander
des secours s’étaient empalés et avaient hurlé toute la nuit sans
obtenir de réponse.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/158765.stm">Kassika</a>, où la femme du Mwami fut éventrée dans l’église et son enfant
arraché de son ventre, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/06/world/500-are-massacred-in-congo-missionaries-report.html">Makobola</a>, <a href="http://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/democratic-republic-congo-massacres-civilians-continue-unabated-east">Mwenga</a> où les femmes durent descendre
debout dans une fosse commune où elles allaient être enterrées vivantes,
<a href="http://thecabin.net/stories/062997/witness.html#.VboVrPk42VM">Shabunda</a> et ses miliers de femmes violées, <a href="http://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/Zaire.htm">Rutshuru</a>, où j’ai moi-même
vu une fosse commune que les experts de l’Onu ordonnaient de refermer au
plus vite, Beni… La liste des villages martyrs du Congo est infinie, le "<a href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Countries/AfricaRegion/Pages/RDCProjetMapping.aspx">rapport mapping</a>" dont il sera question plus tard cite plus de 600
lieux de tueries…Tous ces crimes ont été commis par des hommes en armes.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Les violences sexuelles les plus atroces, les empalements, les
éventrations, le recours aux instruments tranchants comme les machettes
ou les coutelas sont souvent imputées aux rebelles hutus venus du
Rwanda en 1994 mais les autres groupes ont développé leurs propres
méthodes, viols en série, commis publiquement, devant la famille ou le
village réunis, enlèvement d’esclaves sexuelles, viols d’enfants de
moins de cinq ans…Il y eut aussi des tueries opérées sur une base
ethnique, comme le <a href="http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/07/02/dr-congo-army-un-failed-stop-massacre">massacre de Mutarule</a> sur lequel ce tribunal est amené
à se pencher.</span></span><br />
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfE6xrFFMpm7PITaskv3MG5lKLAdnrX0rk7PZacFAU8e1pH6Qh5y8Te_6HZ-jlKgW9Iyg1PGPqVGYJmkY2uDCK2mMdVvFUMvM4UAKnZJWLFRr1cClw64wZP6HVw1Fa9Few6vcD8MwkKTk/s1600/20143685336330995_8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfE6xrFFMpm7PITaskv3MG5lKLAdnrX0rk7PZacFAU8e1pH6Qh5y8Te_6HZ-jlKgW9Iyg1PGPqVGYJmkY2uDCK2mMdVvFUMvM4UAKnZJWLFRr1cClw64wZP6HVw1Fa9Few6vcD8MwkKTk/s320/20143685336330995_8.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Membres du FDLR
photographiés par <a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/profile/michele-sibiloni-.html">Michele Sibiloni</a>
à Buleusa à la veille d´une offensive des FARDC empruntée de <a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2014/03/pictures-fdlr-rebels-dr-congo-20143683630183375.html">In
Pictures: FDLR rebels in the DR Congo</a> <a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/">Al
Jazeera</a> 9 Mars 2014 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Il faut le répéter : toutes ces opérations de représailles, de
vengeance, de terreur, ces violences sexuelles massives, ces massacres
commis à la machette ou au fusil d’assaut ont eu lieu alors que les
forces onusiennes étaient sinon présentes du moins pas éloignées au
point de ne pouvoir intervenir. Certes, la Monusco a réparé des routes,
transporté des urnes électorales, organisé des milliers de séminaires,
publié des millions de documents. Mais sur deux points principaux, qui
avaient justifié son déploiement voici quinze ans, c’est-à-dire la
neutralisation et le rapatriement des génocidaires hutus et la
protection des civils congolais, elle a tragiquement échoué. Cette année
encore, ce sont les forces gouvernementales congolaises qui mènent
seules des <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-31617135">opérations contre les derniers groupes de rebelles</a> hutus
<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_d%C3%A9mocratiques_de_lib%C3%A9ration_du_Rwanda">FDLR</a>. Alors que les opérations auraient du être menées avec le soutien
logistique des Nations unies (qui auraient assuré le transport et
l’approvisionnement en vivres) cette collaboration fut annulée en
dernière minute sur ordre de New York, qui venait de découvrir que les
deux généraux congolais chargés des opérations figuraient sur une «
liste rouge », étant accusés, comme beaucoup d’autres, de violations
des droits de l’homme.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Grâce à ces scrupules de dernière minute, les rebelles hutus ne sont
toujours pas mis hors course et il arrive que certains d’entre eux,
ramenés à la frontière rwandaise par l’armée congolaise et remis entre
les mains du <a href="http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e45c366.html">HCR</a> soient reconnus au Kivu quelques jours plus tard…
Retour à l’expéditeur… Plusieurs raisons peuvent être invoquées pour
expliquer cet échec. On a incriminé un mandat insuffisant, mais ce
dernier a été plusieurs fois modifié et renforcé. On a souligné
l’immensité du territoire congolais, la densité des forêts, mais les
forces de l’ONU disposent de nombreux moyens de transport, de systèmes
de communication satellitaires et même de drones qui survolent la
frontière du Rwanda.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Des éléments objectifs ont été rappelés : les troupes de l’Onu, des
soldats originaires du sous continent indien, les « curry countries »
dont l’Inde, le Pakistan, le Népal, le Bangla desh, non seulement ne
disposent pas d’un système de renseignements efficace (en anglais on
dit, très justement, d’ "intelligence") mais ne parlent pas la langue
et sont culturellement très éloignés des populations congolaises.
Pourquoi ne Congo ne bénéficie –t-il pas de troupes francophones, de
contingents africains, de casques bleus européens ? Chacun se souvient
de l’efficacité de l’<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Art%C3%A9mis_%282003%29">Opération Artemis</a>, déployée en Ituri en 2003 où
l’on vit les troupes françaises venir à bout en quelques semaines des
rebelles dirigés par <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lubanga">Thomas Lubanga</a> qui fut ensuite envoyé à La Haye…Ce
type d’opération ne fut pas renouvelé.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Il est vrai que les pays européens, qui envoient cependant leurs soldats
dans des pays autrement plus dangereux comme l’Afghanistan ou le Mali,
refusent d’engager leurs troupes au Congo, et la Belgique, traumatisée
par le massacre de ses dix casques bleus au Rwanda, n’envoie plus de
soldats dans ses anciennes colonies.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">On peut cependant, après tant d’années, se demander si le fait de
n’envoyer au Congo que les moins efficients des contingents, les plus
éloignés culturellement, relève uniquement d’une incapacité d’ordre
technique. N’y aurait il pas, aussi, une volonté sub liminale, de ne
jamais réellement résoudre le conflit, de laisser se prolonger
indéfiniment une guerre dite de basse intensité qui, s’accompagnant du
pillage des ressources naturelles rendu possible par la faiblesse de
l’Etat, bénéficie à tant de monde ?</span></span>
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbvA9ZLmx-GyfRDsqkCPeiuuWyKJOfEb6GHm-l8HYaUpKT0Y4WThyphenhyphenh_OO2wV9cWytzwQHdTwJvsISoxJBK8X16YSGrfn4DS4CdtSfYAff3vr3DXZyQB7qtI6bpl_VgAHU9uTwfxxNGYhg/s1600/democratic-republic-of-congo-8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbvA9ZLmx-GyfRDsqkCPeiuuWyKJOfEb6GHm-l8HYaUpKT0Y4WThyphenhyphenh_OO2wV9cWytzwQHdTwJvsISoxJBK8X16YSGrfn4DS4CdtSfYAff3vr3DXZyQB7qtI6bpl_VgAHU9uTwfxxNGYhg/s320/democratic-republic-of-congo-8.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="hps"><span lang="FR">Une jeune</span></span><span lang="FR"> <span class="hps">déplacée congolaise</span>
<span class="hps">se tient avec</span> <span class="hps">un bassin</span> <span class="hps">sur sa tête</span> <span class="hps">dans camp</span> <span class="hps">de
Bulengo</span> <span class="hps">pour les personnes déplacées intérieurement</span>,
le 14 <span class="hps">Juillet</span> <span class="hps">2014. </span></span><span class="hps">Photographie de </span>Phil Moore (<span class="profilecard-screenname"><a href="https://twitter.com/fil">@<span class="u-linkcomplex-target"><span style="color: blue;">fil</span></span></a>)</span>
pour <a href="http://time.com/">TIME</a>; empruntée de <a href="http://time.com/3812033/congo-m23-phil-moore/#1">See the Real Impact of
War in the Democratic Republic of Congo</a> Adam Katz (@katz) 30 septembre 2014
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Les troupes onusiennes ne sont d’ailleurs pas au dessus de tout soupçon
et bien des scandales sont défrayé la chronique : abus sexuels commis
par le contingent marocain, collusion entre des Casques bleus indiens et
des FDLR se traduisant par des transports d’ivoire et de coltan,
trafics d’or, recrutement de garçons envoyés au Pakistan pour y suivre
un enseignement religieux…</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Ce qui paraît évident, c’est qu’au-delà de la protection bien illusoire
des populations civiles ou de la stabilisation toute relative du pays,
la force onusienne a représenté l’un des instruments de cette
inscription forcée du Congo dans la mondialisation. Au forceps, à coup
d’opérations militaires et d’interventions diplomatiques, ce vaste pays a
été exploré, prospecté, quadrillé, mis en coupe réglée.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">A plusieurs reprises, le président Kabila a demandé, mais sans frapper
sur la table, que la mission onusienne prépare son retrait du Congo. On
lui a chaque fois répondu que c’était trop tôt, trop risqué, on a fait
valoir les risques de guerre, d’éclatement…</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Qui osera jamais prendre les risques d’un départ définitif, qui osera
jamais réclamer la souveraineté pleine et entière d’un pays qui, dans
les faits, se trouve toujours placé sous la tutelle de la communauté
internationale?</span></span><br />
Url Originale http://blog.lesoir.be/colette-braeckman/ <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><b>Plus d´info</b></u></span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.amnestyusa.org/news/news-item/drc-civilian-death-toll-rises-as-rebels-embark-on-campaign-of-sporadic-slaughter">DRC: Civilian death toll rises as rebels embark on campaign of sporadic slaughter </a><a href="http://www.amnestyusa.org/">Amnesty International</a>October 31st 2014 </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/08/04/obama-s-africa-summit-and-the-new-danger-in-congo.html">Obama’s Africa Summit and the New Danger in Congo</a><a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/contributors/sasha-lezhnev.html">Sasha Lezhnev</a><a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/contributors/john-prendergast.html">John Prendergast</a>(<a href="http://www.enoughproject.org/">Enough Project</a>)<a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/">The Daily Beast</a> August 4th 2014 </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20141113-rdc-monusco-dement-rumeurs-soutien-rebelles-adf-nalu?ns_campaign=reseaux_sociaux&ns_source=twitter&ns_mchannel=social&ns_linkname=editorial&aef_campaign_ref=partage_aef&aef_campaign_date=2014-11-13">RDC: la Monusco dément les rumeurs de soutien aux rebelles ADF-Nalu</a><a href="http://www.rfi.fr/"> Radio France Internationale </a>13 Novembre 2014 </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> <u>Sur le blog</u></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2011/08/libye-cote-divoire-des-interventions.html">Libye, Côte d’Ivoire: des interventions qui se ressemblent</a> Aout 2011</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/06/whos-afraid-of-african-democracy.html">Who’s Afraid of African Democracy?</a> June 2015</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><u>Par <a href="https://twitter.com/OnadaExpansiva">@onadaexpansiva</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/search?q=%23DRC%20%40onadaexpansiva&src=typd">#DRC</a><a href="https://twitter.com/search?q=%23RDC%20%40onadaexpansiva&src=typd"> #RDC </a></u></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/RDC?src=hash">#RDC</a>. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Massacre?src=hash">#Massacre</a> de <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Mutarule?src=hash">#Mutarule</a>: <a href="https://twitter.com/hrw">@hrw</a> met en cause l’armée et la <a href="https://twitter.com/MONUSCO">@MONUSCO</a> <a href="http://t.co/4e62RBdEEg">http://rfi.my/1rsN84L </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/RFI">@RFI</a> cc <a href="https://twitter.com/inkivu">@inkivu</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/RosaMoro3">@RosaMoro3</a> 5Juillet 2014</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/DRC?src=hash">#DRC</a> If East's Security is improving, why are <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/refugees?src=hash">#refugees</a> worse than before? <a href="http://t.co/jx6cwgxyPY">http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/07/31/congo_disabled_peace_aid_camps_security_refugees …</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/TyMcCormick">@TyMcCormick</a> v <a href="https://twitter.com/photografight">@photografight</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/inkivu">@inkivu</a> 2 Aout 2014</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/RDC?src=hash">#RDC</a> 8 millones de muertos en menos de 20 años <a href="http://t.co/XAYWjAHHNK">http://guinguinbali.com/index.php?lang=es&mod=news&task=view_news&cat=3&id=3594 …</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/luigiaguilar">@luigiaguilar</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/GuinGuinBali">@GuinGuinBali</a> v <a href="https://twitter.com/extramurs">@extramurs</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Umoya?src=hash">#Umoya</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Congo?src=hash">#Congo</a>14 Mai 2013 </span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Sur <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBtPA9JMejPiLqKEqQWUk3Q/videos">Onada Expansiva Redux</a></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ze14hD2k_T0">Ghosts Of Rwanda</a> (Greg Barker, PBS, 2004) </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2814330838470356389.post-71329788437631701772015-07-27T10:35:00.002-07:002015-07-27T10:38:51.105-07:00Falsos positivos: responsables de ejecuciones extrajudiciales amparados y recompensados por el Estado.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="title--huge" id="page-title" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">El escándalo de los falsos positivos (ejecuciones extrajudiciales de civiles presentados como guerrilleros caídos en combate) forma parte, junto a la llamada <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapol%C3%ADtica">parapolitica,</a> del legado de la llamada <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_de_seguridad_democr%C3%A1tica">política de seguridad demócratica</a> del ex presidente colombiano <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Uribe">Alirio Uribe Velez</a>; el actual presidente <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a> fue ministro de defensa en los dos gobiernos encabezados por Uribe (2002-2010). Reproducimos el comunicado de prensa que acompañó la presentación del informe de <a href="http://www.hrw.org/">Human Rights Watch</a> sobre las investigaciones y eventuales cástigos a los responsables de cerca de<a href="http://www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=132440"> tres mil doscientos (3,200) asesinatos</a>. El informe prueba como mientras soldados rasos y sub-oficiales han sido efectivamente juzgados y condenados, altos oficiales del Ejército bajo cuyo mando (y por ende responsabilidad) ocurrieron los asesinatos no solo no han recibido amonestación alguna sino que han sido objeto de ascensos y promociones como el caso de los actuales comandantes del Ejército y la Fuerza Aérea de Colombia. Esta impunidad coincide con el enésimo esfuerzo criminalizador de las autoridades colombianas <a href="http://elturbion.com/?p=11491">contra los movimientos sociales y organizaciones populares</a>, episodio que much@s consideran como <a href="http://www.colectivodeabogados.org/noticias/noticias-nacionales/article/comunicado-del-congreso-de-los#.VZ1nr_IvzsA.twitter">falso positivo judicial</a>. <span style="font-size: x-small;">Hemos añadido hyperlinks suplementarios, elementos gráficos y, dividido en tres partes, el documental de <a href="http://www.telesurtv.net/">TeleSur</a> "Falsos Positivos, crimenes verdaderos" subido por </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="yt-uix-sessionlink g-hovercard spf-link " data-sessionlink="itct=CCsQ4TkiEwjTvOjf6vvGAhVTExYKHSgkD6ko-B0" data-ytid="UChKxDLZXOUKgDCxd3cK3INg" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChKxDLZXOUKgDCxd3cK3INg">Alls Crus</a> e información de contexto al final.</span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqMQk0ORBq6SC3p5jS7YlwTkLkNCj1rqqTdUwX_zEunV0e5JYi9lyx6GuQ3IDsrvlArOC7EKvWqskNmS7rlY1_6gkpXyRpJQAIjuxpzcEBEowo92i-ldaOBIByJFNT5n457IO3XzB3QIE/s1600/Foto-tomada-del-portal-web-elpueblo.com_-640x334.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqMQk0ORBq6SC3p5jS7YlwTkLkNCj1rqqTdUwX_zEunV0e5JYi9lyx6GuQ3IDsrvlArOC7EKvWqskNmS7rlY1_6gkpXyRpJQAIjuxpzcEBEowo92i-ldaOBIByJFNT5n457IO3XzB3QIE/s400/Foto-tomada-del-portal-web-elpueblo.com_-640x334.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="justify"><td class="tr-caption"><div class="entry_title">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Protesta de familiares de victimas de ejecuciones extrajudiciales en Cali, Colombia. Foto del artículo de la <a href="http://elpueblo.com.co/">Revista Pueblo</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://elpueblo.com.co/la-continuidad-de-los-falsos-positivos/"> La continuidad de los ‘falsos positivos’</a>16 de Junio 2015</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="title--huge" id="page-title" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Colombia: Altos mandos militares vinculados con ejecuciones extrajudiciales</span></span></b></div>
<div class="subtitle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Generales y coroneles implicados en “falsos positivos”</span></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">(Bogotá) – Amplias evidencias, hasta ahora inéditas, implican a numerosos generales y coroneles del <a href="http://www.ejercito.mil.co/">Ejército colombiano</a> en ejecuciones extrajudiciales generalizadas y sistemáticas de civiles ocurridas entre 2002 y 2008.El documento de 105 páginas, titulado “<a href="http://hrw.org/node/135920">El
rol de los altos mandos en falsos positivos: Evidencias de
responsabilidad de generales y coroneles del Ejército colombiano por
ejecuciones de civiles</a>”, presenta evidencias que sugieren de manera
convincente que numerosos generales y coroneles sabían o deberían haber
sabido sobre los casos de “falsos positivos”, e incluso podrían haberlos
ordenado o facilitado activamente su comisión. La <a href="http://www.fiscalia.gov.co/colombia/">Fiscalía</a> investiga al
menos 3.000 de estos casos, en los cuales tropas del Ejército,
presionadas para incrementar el número de bajas en la guerra contra
grupos guerrilleros, asesinaron a civiles e informaron que se trataba de
muertes en combate. Cientos de soldados de los rangos más bajos han
sido condenados, pero apenas algunos coroneles y ningún general lo
fueron.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">“<i>Los falsos positivos representan uno de los episodios más nefastos
de atrocidades masivas en el hemisferio occidental de los últimos años, y
hay cada vez más evidencias de que altos oficiales del Ejército serían
responsables de estos hechos atroces</i>”, indicó <a href="http://www.hrw.org/es/bios/jos-miguel-vivanco-0">José Miguel Vivanco</a>,
director ejecutivo de la división de las <a href="https://www.hrw.org/es/americas">Américas de Human Rights Watch</a>. “<i>No obstante, los oficiales del Ejército que estaban al mando
cuando sucedieron las ejecuciones han conseguido eludir la acción de la
justicia e incluso han ascendido a los niveles más altos del mando
militar, incluidos los actuales comandantes del Ejército Nacional y de
las Fuerzas Militares</i>”.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">El análisis de datos de la Fiscalía efectuado por Human Rights Watch
indica que los fiscales han identificado más de 180 batallones y otras
unidades tácticas—adscritos a casi todas las brigadas y en todas las
divisiones del Ejército en ese momento—que presuntamente cometieron
ejecuciones extrajudiciales entre 2002 y 2008. Diversas evidencias
presentadas en el informe muestran que comandantes de las brigadas y
unidades tácticas responsables de gran cantidad de ejecuciones—además de
los entonces máximos mandos del Ejército—al menos sabían o deberían
haber sabido sobre estos delitos y, por lo tanto, podrían ser penalmente
imputables debido a su responsabilidad de mando.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwzhoC65MkLzOOfZrdULxf7QGvn_7dXCJ1GS2cafvCuWdWe7L6ZwBB4TrvN56lAgC6UnJIUkHYEezpsPPgLhg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Human Rights Watch también obtuvo grabaciones y transcripciones de
testimonios prestados a la Fiscalía por militares implicados en falsos
positivos que señalaron que sus superiores, incluidos generales y
coroneles, presuntamente conocían, planificaron, ordenaron o facilitaron
la comisión de estos crímenes.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Algunos de los oficiales del Ejército que comandaron las 11 brigadas
que se analizan más detenidamente en el informe, posteriormente se
convirtieron en los mandos militares de mayor jerarquía en Colombia. Por
ejemplo, datos proporcionados por la Fiscalía indican que estaría
investigando:</span></div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Al menos 44 presuntas ejecuciones extrajudiciales perpetradas
por soldados de la Cuarta Brigada durante el período en el cual el
General retirado <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Montoya">Mario Montoya</a> estuvo al mando. Montoya fue comandante
del Ejército Nacional de 2006 a 2008;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Al menos 113 presuntas ejecuciones extrajudiciales perpetradas por
soldados de la Cuarta Brigada durante el período en el cual el General
(r) <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Enrique_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Pe%C3%B1a">Óscar González Peña</a> estuvo al mando. González Peña fue comandante
del Ejército Nacional de 2008 a 2010;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Al menos 28 presuntas ejecuciones extrajudiciales perpetradas por
soldados de la Cuarta Brigada durante el período en el cual el General
<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Barrag%C3%A1n">Juan Pablo Rodríguez Barragán</a> estuvo al mando. Como actual comandante
general de las Fuerzas Militares, Rodríguez Barragán es el oficial
militar de mayor jerarquía en Colombia, y supervisa los tres cuerpos de
estas fuerzas, incluido el Ejército; y</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Al menos 48 presuntas ejecuciones extrajudiciales perpetradas por
soldados de la Novena Brigada durante el período en el cual el General
<a href="http://lasillavacia.com/quienesquien/index.php/perfilquien/jaime-alfonso-lasprilla-villamizar">Jaime Lasprilla Villamizar </a>estuvo al mando. Lasprilla Villamizar es
actualmente comandante del Ejército Nacional.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">El informe se elaboró a partir del análisis efectuado por Human
Rights Watch de datos de la Fiscalía inéditos hasta este momento;
expedientes penales; testimonios de testigos, en gran parte hasta hoy no
publicados; grabaciones de conversaciones mantenidas por el Teniente
Coronel (r) <a href="http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/justicia/coronel-gonzalez-del-rio-salpica-a-9-generales-por-falsos-positivos/14481977">Robinson González del Río</a>, las cuales fueron ordenadas
judicialmente y efectuadas por autoridades judiciales tras su detención
por falsos positivos; así como entrevistas con fiscales, testigos,
familiares de víctimas y sus abogados, entre otras fuentes.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">“<i>Los fiscales enfrentan obstáculos sustanciales que impiden que haya
avances en sus casos, y que incluyen desde represalias contra testigos
clave hasta falta de cooperación por parte de autoridades militares</i>”,
observó Vivanco. “<i>Y numerosos—posiblemente cientos—de casos de falsos
positivos continúan en la Justicia Penal Militar, donde prácticamente se
garantiza su impunidad</i>”.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Human Rights Watch documentó amenazas, ataques y actos de
hostigamiento contra soldados que han declarado contra sus superiores en
casos de falsos positivos. El 27 de octubre de 2014, <a href="http://www.elheraldo.co/judicial/la-extrana-muerte-de-un-testigo-de-falsos-positivos-172582">Nixón de Jesús Cárcamo, que había confesado y aportado información a la Fiscalía sobre la presunta participación de sus superiores en falsos positivos, fue asesinado</a> en el centro de reclusión militar de la Décima Primera
Brigada.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dy55jEXm5GEOjpqwT0E07FTV_RsJqi5TAhnPq7kTm5gCwrMibhFCPifCEbES-AxRBktYAtybdu_J-Omdkstdg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Diversos fiscales dijeron a Human Rights Watch que es común que
militares se resistan a remitir documentos del Ejército que son
trascendentales para sus investigaciones, como aquellos donde se
ordenaban las supuestas operaciones en las cuales se produjeron las
ejecuciones y se autorizaban pagos a informantes en los casos.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Asimismo, a pesar de que la <a href="http://www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/RELATORIA/2011/T-318-11.htm">Corte Constitucional de Colombia</a> y la
Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos han instado en reiterados
pronunciamientos a que las violaciones de derechos humanos sean
investigadas y juzgadas exclusivamente por autoridades de la justicia
ordinaria, diversos fiscales indican que muchos casos de falsos
positivos (posiblemente cientos) continúan en la Justicia Penal Militar.
Esto supone un grave impedimento para que exista rendición de cuentas,
especialmente considerando la evidencia documentada en el informe según
la cual la Justicia Penal Militar no adoptó medidas básicas para
investigar falsos positivos cuando la mayoría de los casos estuvieron
bajo su jurisdicción, y que al menos algunos jueces militares ayudaron
activamente a las tropas a encubrir los delitos.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Human Rights Watch examinó grabaciones de audio ordenadas
judicialmente de llamadas telefónicas mantenidas por el Teniente Coronel
(r) González del Río con un juez militar y un hombre que parece ser un
coronel vinculado con una oficina de alto nivel dentro de la Justicia
Penal Militar. Ambos hombres le ofrecieron a González del Río su ayuda,
luego de que fuese detenido por falsos positivos, lo cual aporta mayores
evidencias sobre la falta de independencia y de credibilidad del
sistema de justicia militar. El coronel parece ofrecer ayuda para que el
caso de González del Río se transfiera de la justicia penal ordinaria a
la Justicia Penal Militar, y manifiesta que espera que pronto concluya
su detención.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">También hubo deficiencias en la Fiscalía, como un volumen de
expedientes abrumador a cargo de fiscales y la distribución de casos de
una misma unidad militar a distintos fiscales, lo cual obstaculiza la
posibilidad de investigaciones contextualizadas que son fundamentales
para el juzgamiento de responsables de alto rango.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">El gobierno colombiano debería ordenar a las autoridades militares
que cooperen con las investigaciones, asignar suficientes fiscales a los
casos y proteger a los testigos y sus familias, señaló Human Rights
Watch. Debería asegurar, asimismo, que las medidas de justicia
transicional que se incluyan en un futuro acuerdo de paz no impidan la
posibilidad de que se haga justicia en los casos de falsos positivos.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">En 2012, Colombia promulgó el <a href="https://www.google.es/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&sqi=2&ved=0CCEQFjAAahUKEwjlr8nMpOzGAhXCJx4KHYVCAbI&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ictj.org%2Fictj%2Fdocs%2FMarco_juridico%2FACTO_LEGISLATIVO_01-31JULIO2012.pdf&ei=PkOuVeWYJsLPeIWFhZAL&usg=AFQjCNHKrD5o-X7xfsDz6IAfm1HjHNwVgg&sig2=EYN0b6tZxGaPCq0wJ34-cQ">Marco Jurídico para la Paz</a>, una
reforma constitucional que posibilita la impunidad de atrocidades
cometidas por guerrillas, paramilitares y militares en caso de que se
alcance un acuerdo de paz con las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de
Colombia (FARC). La reforma habilita al Congreso a limitar el
juzgamiento de atrocidades solo a quienes se identifiquen como sus
“<i>máximos responsables</i>” y ofrecer inmunidad legal a todos los demás
implicados; eximir a crímenes de guerra de la posibilidad de
investigación penal cuando no se determine que hayan sido sistemáticos; y
aplicar “<i>penas alternativas</i>” a todos los condenados, incluyendo a los
máximos responsables.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">La Fiscalía de la <a href="http://www.icc-cpi.int/">Corte Penal Internacional</a> (CPI) realiza un
seguimiento de los procedimientos vinculados con casos de falsos
positivos en <a href="http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/structure%20of%20the%20court/office%20of%20the%20prosecutor/comm%20and%20ref/pe-ongoing/colombia/Pages/colombia.aspx">Colombia</a> y podría iniciar una investigación si determina
que las autoridades nacionales no se muestran dispuestas a investigarlos
o juzgarlos, o que realmente no pueden hacerlo. La Fiscalía de la CPI
ha señalado con respecto al Marco Jurídico para la Paz que una condena
que fuera severamente o manifiestamente inadecuada “<i>viciaría el carácter
genuino</i>” del procedimiento. Es decir, podría dar lugar a una
investigación de la CPI.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyhlT9-tCyHL4rNUQJ_i-06UTxPyB0NVno-cYkydf2baTsC9lCGaFvjOgEjl7244Tr4u-r313dxPf1tPD716w' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">La Fiscalía de la CPI debería mantener un seguimiento riguroso de
los procedimientos vinculados con casos de falsos positivos, expresó
Human Rights Watch.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">El gobierno de Estados Unidos debería exigir el cumplimiento de los
requisitos de derechos humanos a los cuales se supedita la asistencia
militar a Colombia, incluida la exigencia de que los casos de derechos
humanos estén “<i>sujetos únicamente a la jurisdicción penal ordinaria</i>”, y
que los militares cooperen con los fiscales en estos casos. Ante las
evidencias de que estos dos requisitos no se están cumpliendo, Estados
Unidos debería suspender la parte de la ayuda militar que depende de que
Colombia cumpla con ellos, indicó Human Rights Watch.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">“<i>Colombia debe asegurar que las medidas de justicia transicional que
puedan adoptarse en el marco de un futuro acuerdo de paz no priven a
los familiares de víctimas de falsos positivos de que se haga justicia</i>”,
dijo Vivanco. “<i>Si Colombia no lleva ante la justicia a los máximos
responsables, la Corte Penal Internacional debería abrir una
investigación formal</i>”.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>Ejemplos de testimonios que involucran a generales</b></span></div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Un ex comandante de tropas adscritas a la Décima Sexta Brigada
ha declarado a la Fiscalía y ante un juez que su comandante de brigada,
el General <a href="http://www.ejercito.mil.co/index.php?idcategoria=356188">Henry William Torres Escalante</a>, ordenó, planificó y encubrió
falsos positivos. Al menos 66 presuntas ejecuciones extrajudiciales
perpetradas por soldados de la Décima Sexta Brigada mientras Torres
Escalante estuvo al mando están siendo investigadas por la Fiscalía.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">El testimonio prestado por varios soldados y oficiales a los
fiscales involucra al General (r) González Peña, al señalar que, como
mínimo, tuvo conocimiento de los falsos positivos mientras fue
comandante de la Cuarta Brigada, y posteriormente como jefe del Comando
Conjunto del Caribe.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">El Teniente Coronel (r) González del Río, que ha admitido en forma
pública tener responsabilidad en al menos 27 casos de falsos positivos,
declaró a la Fiscalía que varios generales sabían de, autorizaron y/o
encubrieron estos delitos cometidos por sus tropas. En su
testimonio mencionó al General Rodríguez Barragán, entonces comandante
de la Cuarta Brigada y actual comandante general de las Fuerzas
Militares, y al General (r) Hernando Pérez Molina, entonces comandante
de la Tercera División, entre otros.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Según señaló González del Río en su testimonio ante la Fiscalía, el
General (r) Montoya, comandante del Ejército Nacional entre febrero de
2006 y noviembre de 2008, presionó a comandantes subordinados para que
incrementaran las estadísticas de muertes en combate, los sancionó
cuando no lo hacían y fue el principal “motivador” de los falsos
positivos. En un testimonio ofrecido a la Fiscalía, otro alto oficial
del Ejército que ha confesado su participación en falsos positivos
identificó como causa de estas muertes a la “política” de Montoya que
exigía que hubiera muertos en combate.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>Represalias contra testigos</b></span></div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">El 27 de octubre de 2014, Cárcamo fue asesinado en el centro de
reclusión militar de la Décima Primera Brigada del Ejército, donde
permanecía detenido en relación con acusaciones por falsos positivos.
Once días antes, advirtió a la Fiscalía que temía por su vida y que, si
era asesinado, los responsables serían las personas a quienes estaba
señalando.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Existen evidencias sustanciales de que la violación sexual de la
esposa de un soldado por hombres no identificados, ocurrida en 2013, fue
un acto en represalia debido a que el soldado había declarado contra un
coronel del Ejército. El soldado, que también ha recibido amenazas de
muerte, es un testigo clave en procesos sobre falsos positivos contra el
coronel en cuestión y otros oficiales y soldados.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">El testimonio del Sargento <a href="http://www.bbc.com/mundo/video_fotos/2015/06/150621_video_colombia_falsos_positivos_entrevista_mora_nc">Carlos Eduardo Mora</a> ha contribuido a la
condena de un teniente coronel y numerosos soldados por falsos
positivos. En represalia, ha recibido amenazas de muerte, y ha sido
hostigado y sufrido intentos de estigmatización por altos oficiales del
Ejército. Indicó que, en 2013, funcionarios del Ejército intentaron
ingresarlo contra su voluntad en una clínica psiquiátrica, presuntamente
con la intención de desacreditarlo, y que en 2014 un general hizo
declaraciones frente a él y un grupo numeroso de integrantes de
contrainteligencia del Ejército en las cuales insinuaba fuertemente que
era un “traidor”. En abril de 2015, el Ejército inició una investigación
disciplinaria contra Mora debido a las declaraciones que efectuó a los
medios de comunicación con respecto a falsos positivos y los abusos que
ha sufrido como testigo, sin autorización de sus superiores.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="subtitle">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>Url. Original</b> http://www.hrw.org/es/news/2015/06/23/colombia-altos-mandos-militares-vinculados-con-ejecuciones-extrajudiciales</span></div>
<br />
<u><b><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Más información</span></b></u><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.elpais.com.co/elpais/judicial/noticias/cinco-mil-agentes-estado-son-investigados-por-falsos-positivos-fiscalia?utm_content=buffer9501a&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer">Más de cinco mil agentes del Estado son investigados por falsos positivos: Fiscalía </a><a href="http://www.elpais.com.co/">El Pais</a> 25 Junio 2015 </span></li>
<li><div class="yt watch-title-container">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="watch-title " dir="ltr" id="eow-title" title="Documental sobre Falsos Positivos (2009)"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Srxt7bGBsr4">Documental sobre Falsos Positivos (2009)</a> </span>Simone Bruno y Dado Carrillo, <a href="http://www.lasillavacia.com/">La Silla Vacia</a> 2012</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Informe: <a href="http://www.colectivodeabogados.org/IMG/pdf/1_inform.pdf">Falsos positivos en Colombia y el papel de la asistencia militar de Estados Unidos 2000 - 2010</a> <a href="http://forusa.org/">Fellowship for Reconciliation</a> (FOR)-<a href="https://twitter.com/FORpeace">@FORpeace</a> y Coordinación Colombia Europa Estados Unidos (<a href="http://coeuropa.org.co/">CCEEU</a>)-<a href="https://twitter.com/coeuropa">@coeuropa</a></span></li>
</ul>
<u><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> En el blog</span></u> <br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2011/08/colombia-reconocimiento-de-la.html">Colombia, reconocimiento de la responsabilidad del Estado por asesinato de Manuel Cepeda</a>. Agosto 11</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2011/11/colombia-violaciones-los-derechos.html">Colombia. Violaciones a los derechos humanos y guerra sucia mediática</a>Noviembre 11</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2012/04/colombia-eleccions-drets-humans-i.html">Colòmbia: Eleccions, Drets Humans i acompanyament internacional</a>Abril 12</span></span></li>
</ul>
<u><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">A través de @OnadaExpansiva </span></u><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Colombia?src=hash">#Colombia</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/COL_EJERCITO">@COL_EJERCITO</a> Accused of Deception on Civilian <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/summaryexecutions?src=hash">#summaryexecutions</a> <a href="http://t.co/XMXEXVcSV9">http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/24/world/americas/colombia-military-accused-of-deception-on-civilian-deaths.html?partner=rss&emc=rss&smid=tw-nytimesworld&_r=0 …</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/willieneuman">@willieneuman</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/nytimesworld">@nytimesworld</a> 24 Junio 15</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Colombia?src=hash">#Colombia</a> 22 Generals (army and police) Probed in Mass Killing Scandal <a href="http://t.co/1Chr824i4F">http://tlsur.net/1PDZaTl </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/telesurenglish">@telesurenglish</a> v <a href="https://twitter.com/danielmkovalik">@danielmkovalik</a> 14 Abril 15</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Colombia?src=hash">#Colombia</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/ReynaldVillalba">@ReynaldVillalba</a> cuestiona razones d <a href="https://twitter.com/MorenoOcampo1">@MorenoOcampo1</a> para considerar no probado <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/falsospositivos?src=hash">#falsospositivos</a> como política de Estado cc <a href="https://twitter.com/Ccajar">@ccajar</a> 22 de julio 2014 </span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2814330838470356389.post-26794887227381631872015-07-16T08:57:00.003-07:002015-07-21T05:36:48.443-07:00TISA : penúltima amenaça als nostres drets econòmics i socials<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Unes setmanes després que el Parlament Europeu <a href="https://t.co/xTxfMYQqrj">donés la seva aprobació</a> sense canvis sustancials al procés de negociació del TTIP entre la Comissió Europea i els Estats Units, tot i les <a href="http://t.co/88yvUdj0RA">protestes multitudinaries</a> a multiples ciutats europees recuperem un article sobre la penultima amenaça als nostres drets econòmics i socials. El TISA com bé assenyala aquest article de </span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Albert Sales (@albertsc79) i Julia Martí (</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://twitter.com/en_construccio">@en_construccio</a></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">) aparegut a <a href="https://directa.cat/">La Directa</a> a finals de juny constitueix un perill no només per l´opacitat de la negociació sino també i especialment perque s´hi negocien diversos serveis i estructures (aigua, energia,comerç digital...) que afecten directament la nostra vida cotidiana; existeix la possibilitat que aquest tractat tingui una influencia profonda en les nostres vides sense que les respectives societats hagin estat mai consultades. <span style="font-size: x-small;">Hem afegit links, material gràfic e informació de context al final.</span> </span></span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="field-fotografies">
<div class="field-fotografia" style="text-align: center;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigl79jn5ANFJWA0zN32LSGXaV73Q5Eb44BLmIyxEK9FeVYiSfnCzibfCoDjOYDGUbetd7A5VpkFAD3F3mNXzmHQgOGr6o_DDfXdwMEKIFTA2tXiIsXfz2lPQfCuTL5qUoLpOJ3WwESNVY/s1600/stop-tisa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigl79jn5ANFJWA0zN32LSGXaV73Q5Eb44BLmIyxEK9FeVYiSfnCzibfCoDjOYDGUbetd7A5VpkFAD3F3mNXzmHQgOGr6o_DDfXdwMEKIFTA2tXiIsXfz2lPQfCuTL5qUoLpOJ3WwESNVY/s320/stop-tisa.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="justify"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">La liberalització gairebé total que s’està negociant donaria un fort impuls a la privatització de tots els serveis públics I.lustració extreta de<a href="http://stop-tisa.ch/wordpress/" rel="home"> Komitee «Stop TiSA»</a></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>El TTIP i el TISA: Cap a una privatització irreversible dels serveis públics</b> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Albert Sales (@albertsc79) Julia Martí (</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://twitter.com/en_construccio">@en_construccio</a></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">) membres del Col·lectiu <i><a href="http://rets.cat/">RETS </a></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span class="date-display-single" content="2015-06-22T00:00:00+02:00"><span style="font-size: small;">22/06/2015 <a href="https://directa.cat/">La Directa </a></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="field-peu-fotografia">
<div class="field-subtitol" style="text-align: justify;">
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Fa unes setmanes, filtracions publicades per Wikileaks revelaven <a href="http://www.publico.es/internacional/wikileaks/pacto-secreto-tisa-dejara-contratos.html">detalls de l’Acord sobre Comerç de Serveis</a> que s’està negociant de manera totalment opaca des del juliol de 2013. Aquí analitzem alguns d'ells i les seves conseqüències </span></span></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="field-body">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">El col·lapse de la <a href="https://www.wto.org/spanish/tratop_s/dda_s/update_s.htm">Ronda de Doha</a> (2001) va obligar els poders econòmics globals a obrir noves vies de per aprofundir en el procés de liberalització comercial internacional. Les negociacions emmarcades a l’Organització Mundial del Comerç (<a href="https://www.wto.org/">OMC</a>) no avançaven a causa de la negativa d’algunes potències emergents i de països empobrits a acceptar un marc normatiu cada cop més injust i més desfavorable als seus interessos. Davant l’estancament de les negociacions multilaterals, els EUA i la UE van adoptar l’estratègia de negociar bilateralment amb els estats africans, asiàtics i llatinoamericans els anomenats Acords d’Associació<b> </b>(<a href="http://eeas.europa.eu/association/">AdA</a>) i els Economic Partnership Agreements (<a href="http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/development/economic-partnerships/">EPA</a>) i, en paral·lel, van iniciar la creació d’una nova arquitectura jurídica per al sistema de comerç internacional a través de grans tractats com el <a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2014/11/associacio-transatlantica-de-comerc-i.html">Tractat Transatlàntic de Comerç i Inversions</a> (TTIP per les seves sigles en anglès)</span>.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Fa unes setmanes, filtracions publicades per <a href="https://wikileaks.org/index.en.html">Wikileaks</a> revelaven detalls de l’Acord sobre Comerç de Serveis (<a href="https://wikileaks.org/tisa/">TISA</a> per les seves sigles en anglès), que s’està negociant de manera totalment opaca des del juliol de 2013. Qui negocia el TISA són un grup de països que s’autoanomenen “<i>els bons amics dels serveis</i>” i que està compost per la <b>UE</b> en bloc, els <b>EUA</b>, <b>Austràlia</b>, <b>Canadà</b>, <b>Xile</b>, <b>Colòmbia</b>, <b>Costa Rica</b>, <b>Hong Kong</b>, <b>Islàndia</b>, <b>Israel</b>, <b>Japó</b>, <b>Liechtenstein</b>, <b>Mèxic,</b> <b>Nova Zelanda</b>, <b>Noruega</b>, <b>Panamà</b>, <b>Pakistan</b>, <b>Paraguai, Perú</b>, <b>Corea del Sud</b>, <b>Suïssa</b>, <b>Taiwan</b> i <b>Turquia</b>. El tractat té com a objectiu la liberalització internacional de la prestació de serveis en matèries tan diverses com el transport, la comunicació, el tractament de dades, l’assessorament legal, l’educació, la salut, el tractament de residus, el subministrament d’aigua, la distribució d’energia, el comerç digital o els serveis bancaris o les assegurances.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">El TISA s’afegeix al <a href="https://t.co/RoP0ECXWhR">TTIP</a> com a peça clau en la nova arquitectura jurídica de la globalització neoliberal. Les empreses transnacionals europees i nord-americanes, en la seva recerca de nous àmbits d’actuació dels quals extreure riquesa, veuen en els serveis bàsics sucosos negocis en els quals mantenen un important avantatge comparatiu respecte a les companyies competidores de les potències emergents. La liberalització gairebé total que s’està negociant donaria un fort impuls a la privatització de tots els serveis públics i a l’aplicació de la clàusula del “tracte nacional”, que implica que els governs no puguin prioritzar empreses nacionals en les seves contractacions ni plantejar un tracte favorable sota cap circumstància.<b> </b>A més, <b>com reconeix la Comissió Europea a la seva pàgina web, el tractat està dissenyat per “<a href="http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/in-focus/tisa/"><i>animar a la resta de membres de l'OMC a afegir-se al TISA</i></a>”</b>. Es converteix doncs en una palanca per desencallar negociacions aturades durant llarg temps.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Un tractat com el TISA erosiona la democràcia i la sobirania dels pobles tant pels procediments de negociació com pels continguts. Les negociacions s’estan portant a terme amb una <a href="http://t.co/80jHsy92Ps">absoluta opacitat</a> malgrat que limiten profundament la capacitat dels governs nacionals de decidir sobre polítiques econòmiques i socials.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Si atenem a l’històric dels tractats de lliure comerç en vigor arreu del món, hi ha sobrades raons per afirmar que constitueixen un mecanisme de salvaguarda dels interessos de les grans empreses transnacionals enfront del poder dels estats nacionals, ja que estableixen ferris mecanismes per garantir la rendibilitat de les inversions mentre que les clàusules socials o mediambientals no passen de ser meres declaracions d’intencions. Amb el TISA es pretén garantir al capital internacional que la privatització dels serveis públics serà irreversible i que les seves inversions en aquest terreny seran sobradament rendibles. Els documents filtrats per Wikileaks apunten que el <b>TISA vol ser el marc normatiu per seguir buidant de capacitat de provisió de serveis per part de les administracions públiques</b> en terrenys tan estratègics i importants per la vida quotidiana de la població<b> </b>com la salut, l’educació, l’aigua, l’energia, el tractament de residus o la neteja urbana.</span><br />
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<tr align="justify"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Una perspectiva dels 50 Estats negociant el TISA UE en bloc, els EUA, Austràlia, Canadà, Xile, Colòmbia, Costa Rica, Hong Kong, Islàndia, Israel, Japó, Liechtenstein, Mèxic, Nova Zelanda, Noruega,Panamà, Pakistan, Paraguai, Perú, Corea del Sud, Suïssa, Taiwan i Turquia Extret de </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://netzpolitik.org/2014/leak-shows-trade-treaty-tisa-could-undermine-national-data-protection-regulations/">Leak shows: Trade treaty TiSA could undermine national data protection regulations</a> <a href="https://netzpolitik.org/"></a><a href="https://netzpolitik.org/author/anna/" rel="author" title="Beiträge von Anna Biselli">Anna Biselli</a> Netzpolitik Desembre 2014 Mapa via <a href="http://know-ttip.eu/tisa/">know-ttip.eu</a></span></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>Les clàusules més perilloses del TISA</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">El TISA suposarà la creació d’un sistema de solució de controvèrsies a través de tribunals privats. Les empreses que considerin que l’acció d’algun estat o poder públic les perjudiqui d’alguna manera podran interposar una denúncia davant d’aquests sistemes d’arbitratge (<a href="http://t.co/mWcoTDQ39h">ISDS, Investor-State Dispute Settlement</a>). Per contra, no existeix cap mecanisme supranacional per denunciar les vulneracions dels drets humans per part de les empreses transnacionals.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">El TISA exigirà als poders públics que posin a disposició de les empreses transnacionals i dels <i>lobbies </i>tota la informació sobre els processos de privatització de serveis i sobre els concursos d’adjudicació de licitacions abans que aquests es posin en marxa. <b>Sota el nom de “cooperació reguladora”, es pretén que s’estableixin mecanismes per recollir contribucions sobre la redacció dels concursos públics</b> per part de les potencials empreses licitadores per tal de fer els processos més eficients i millorar la prestació del servei. En contrast, una de les clàusules filtrades per Wikileaks obligaria als negociadors a mantenir el text del TISA en secret fins cinc anys després de la seva signatura, deixant així l’acord fora de qualsevol debat públic i de l’abast de la ciutadania.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Finalment, també inclou una clàusula trinquet (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratchet_effect#Trade_legislation">Ratchet clause</a>) que establiria la irretroactivitat de qualsevol mesura que es prengui per desregular, externalitzar o privatitzar un servei públic.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>Un fre a les alternatives municipalistes</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Ja fa més d’una dècada que en l’àmbit municipal existeixen <a href="https://directa.cat/actualitat/recuperar-gestio-publica-dun-be-comu">iniciatives polítiques</a> que proposen la remunicipalització de serveis bàsics estratègics pel bon funcionament de les ciutats. En les darreres eleccions municipals hem vist com arribaven al govern de Barcelona i d’altres ciutats clau de Catalunya candidatures que incorporen als seus <a href="https://barcelonaencomu.cat/ca/programa/navega/detall/apostar-noves-formes-de-gestio-en-comu">programes</a> la remunicipalització de l’abastiment d’aigua, avui en mans de grans empreses. Malgrat les dificultats que imposa el marc normatiu europeu i els contractes i concessions signats per empreses i ajuntaments durant les darreres dècades, aquesta reumunicipalització encara és possible.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Quan el TISA estigui ratificat i entri en vigor, la clàusula trinquet impedirà que els municipis puguin prendre decisions que modifiquin l’escenari de liberalització en el que es va produir la concessió a una empresa privada. Dit d’una altra manera, qualsevol intent de retornar la gestió de l’aigua a l’administració local toparà amb un contenciós entre empresa i municipi que s’acabarà resolent a favor de la primera amb total seguretat.</span></div>
Url Original https://directa.cat/ttip-tisa-cap-una-privatitzacio-irreversible-dels-serveis-publics<br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><b>Més Informació </b></u></span></span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://borrokagaraia.wordpress.com/2015/04/30/si-no-es-suficiente-con-el-ttip-esperad-que-hay-mas/">Si no es suficiente con el TTIP, esperad que hay más</a>Armando Bàrri Cadas<a href="https://borrokagaraia.wordpress.com/"> Borroka Garaia </a> 30 Abril 2014</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Report. <a href="http://www.world-psi.org/en/psi-special-report-really-good-friends-transnational-corporations-agreement">The Really Good Friends of Transnational Corporations Agreement</a> Ellen Gould Public Service International (<a href="http://www.world-psi.org/">PSI</a>) Our World is not For Sale (<a href="http://www.ourworldisnotforsale.org/">OWINFS</a>)30 Setembre 2014</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.lamarea.com/2014/12/17/tisa/">La liberalización de servicios que pactan en secreto 50 países amenaza la privacidad</a><a href="http://www.lamarea.com/"> La Marea</a>17 Desembre 2014 </span></span></li>
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<h1>
<b></b><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Al blog </span></span></h1>
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<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/06/from-north-to-south-common-goods-and.html">From North to South, common goods and public services under threat</a> Juny 2015 </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2014/11/associacio-transatlantica-de-comerc-i.html">Associació Transatlàntica de Comerç i Inversió (TTIP) o quan els mercaders venen els pobles</a> Novembre 2014</span></li>
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">A través d´@OnadaExpansiva</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Capitalism?src=hash">#Capitalism</a> What's in <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/TISA?src=hash">#TISA</a> and why it’s a secret? Sanya Reid Smith <a href="https://t.co/dYo43SKuNt">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WOZ_-ANr1g …</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/rosaluxstiftung">@rosaluxstiftung</a> v <a href="https://twitter.com/wikileaks">@wikileaks</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicservices?src=hash">#publicservices</a>25/11/14</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/ACS?src=hash">#ACS</a> Cinquante Etats négocient en secret la libéralisation des services <a href="http://t.co/rrqMW866M1">http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/50756 </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/RaoulMarcJENNAR">@RaoulMarcJENNAR</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/LMDiplo">@LMDiplo</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/TISA?src=hash">#TISA</a> 23/12/14</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/TISA?src=hash">#TISA</a> Stocktaking Meeting Also Might Have To Face Growing Protests <a href="http://t.co/VPG4z1RZCl">http://www.ip-watch.org/2015/07/08/tisa-stocktaking-meeting-also-might-have-to-face-growing-protests/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+ip-watch+%28Intellectual+Property+Watch%29 …</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/MonikaErmert">@MonikaErmert</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/ipwatch">@ipwatch</a> 8/7/15 </span></li>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2814330838470356389.post-64614174279430537092015-07-03T11:24:00.001-07:002015-07-23T06:38:03.595-07:00 Mort de Zyed et Bouna. Qui peut juger la police?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Le nuit du 27 d´octobre de 2005 a <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clichy-sous-Bois">Clichy-sous-Bois</a> Seine-Saint-Denis, deux lycéens Zyed Benna (17 ans) et Bouna Traoré (17 ans) essayent d´échapper à un contrôle de police; en la fuite ils entrent dans un transformateur électrique. Ils sont decedés électrocutés. La réaction du quartier contre la police (censée d´être responsable) s´est répandue parmi multiples villes françaises avec des <a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2011/08/zizek-on-2005-riots-in-frances.html">émeutes pendant plusieurs jours</a>. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Apres la mise en examen (Octobre 2007) des dos policiers et <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2010/10/26/zyed-et-bouna-la-poursuite-inavouable_689160">plusieurs rebondissements</a> judiciaires le <a href="http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2015/03/16/affaire-zyed-et-bouna-ouverture-du-proces-en-correctionnel-de-deux-policiers_4593963_3224.html?xtmc=zyed_bouna&xtcr=1">16 mars 2015 s´ouvre le procè</a>s contre les deux agents pour "<i>non-assistance à personne en danger</i>" et "<i>mise en danger délibérée de la vie d'autrui</i>".Le 18 mai 2015 ils ont été relaxés de façon définitive. Pour comprendre un peu mieux qu´est-ce cache </span><span style="font-size: small;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">derrière</span>
cet nouveau épisode d´<a href="http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2015/05/18/zyed-et-bouna-dix-ans-apres-enfin-le-verdict_1311506">impunité policière</a> on reprend un article publié par <a href="http://www.vacarme.org/auteur22.html">Fabien Jobard</a> sur <a href="http://www.vacarme.org/">Vacarme </a><a href="https://twitter.com/_Vacarme_">@_Vacarme_</a> (et relayé par <a href="http://www.rezo.net/">Rezo.net</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/Rezonet">@Rezonet</a>) réfléchissant sur la responsabilité des dispositions administratives et décisions politiques qui guident l´actuation policière sur les dits <i>quartiers sensibles</i>. <span style="font-size: small;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZbWh5mqMdwe0etbq1YCO848Lw5mMhQcT88rPlHUcOcxUW9e2LcRr94HRYJ2TWH0M1HWbvINtPm3wEG3XQPaiN23YYadyLRNx2NZdcQVDQZqpEayvxjVBkZI78uixksYi5SXP0QcdCSFs/s1600/ZYED.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZbWh5mqMdwe0etbq1YCO848Lw5mMhQcT88rPlHUcOcxUW9e2LcRr94HRYJ2TWH0M1HWbvINtPm3wEG3XQPaiN23YYadyLRNx2NZdcQVDQZqpEayvxjVBkZI78uixksYi5SXP0QcdCSFs/s400/ZYED.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Zyed Benna et Bouna Traoré, morts pour rien. Foto empruntée de <a href="http://kemiseba.com/">Kemi Seba</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span class="titre">Zyed et Bouna</span>.Un verdict sociologique</b></span><br />
<br />
<header class="self__header landmark">
<div class="auteurs">
<span style="font-size: small;">par <a class="spip_in" href="http://www.vacarme.org/auteur22.html" itemprop="author" rel="author">Fabien Jobard</a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></header></div>
<div class="grid__item lap-and-up-three-quarters push--lap-and-up-one-quarter" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="self__chapo landmark surlignable">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Si
la décision de relaxe définitive prononcée par le Tribunal
correctionnel de Rennes à l’égard des deux policiers poursuivis dans le
cadre de la mort en octobre 2005 de Zyed Benna et Bouna Traoré a soulevé
une telle émotion, c’est qu’elle est lucide, au lieu d’être juste. Par
maints aspects, la justice condamne la police. Mais affirme du même coup
son impuissance à la juger. Eclairages sur un paradoxe amer.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">La
<a href="http://bondyblog.liberation.fr/201505181508/relaxe-pour-les-deux-policiers-dans-le-proces-zyed-et-bouna/#.VZbALkY42VM">décision rendue le 18 mai 2015</a> par le Tribunal correctionnel de Rennes
portant sur la responsabilité pénale des deux policiers poursuivis dans
l’affaire de Clichy-sous-Bois est, aussi étonnant qu’il soit, un verdict
sociologique.</span></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Lorsqu’il s’agit de juger la responsabilité pénale
personnelle de Stéphanie Klein, la policière qui occupait la fonction
d’opérateur au poste radio, la Cour refuse de retenir de grief à son
encontre, estimant en lieu et place la responsabilité structurelle de la
Police nationale. Car, dit la Cour, Mme Klein "<i>était une jeune
fonctionnaire stagiaire ne disposant que d’une brève expérience de
terrain"</i>. Son affectation au poste radio appelait "<i>des compétences
particulières</i> (…) <i>de coordination, de contrôle et de guidage des
effectifs</i>" sur le terrain ; or "<i>l’enquête démontre</i>" qu’elle "<i>n’avait
reçu aucune formation préalable à cette mission</i>". De surcroît, "<i>il
est incontestable</i>" (cette profusion de tournures affirmatives…) que
l’action se déroulait sur la commune de Clichy-sous-Bois, or Mme Klein
ignorait tout de cette ville : il n’y a alors pas de commissariat à
Clichy, réclamé par les habitants depuis 35 ans, et la commune qui "<i>n’appartenait pas au ressort habituel du commissariat</i>" de Mme Klein,
laquelle de toutes façons est "<i>originaire de province</i>" et n’est alors
en fonction en Seine-St-Denis que "<i>depuis quelques mois seulement"</i>, et
n’y réside pas.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">La perspicacité sociologique du tribunal est
digne d’éloge. Tout y est : tout ce que la sociologie de la police
souligne depuis des décennies. Ainsi l’effet lancinant de l’acte de 1941
de centralisation de la Police nationale, qui voit des effectifs
affectés dans des régions qu’ils ne connaissent pas, ne veulent pas
connaître et aspirent à quitter au plus vite. La concentration des
effectifs et infrastructures à Paris, cœur de l’agglomération et cœur du
pouvoir, et le désintérêt pour la sécurité urbaine, sont pour le
tribunal <i>"incontestables"</i>. Et par le jeu des différents dispositifs de
la fonction publique et de la Police nationale en particulier, les
zones les plus difficiles sont confiées aux fonctionnaires les plus
jeunes et les moins expérimentés, qui se trouvent sur ces terrains dans
une situation d’encadrement moins maîtrisée encore par le jeu spécifique
de la <a href="http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-de-Dominique-De-Villepin-2004-2005/Interventions/17.06.2004-Reforme-des-corps-et-carrieres-de-la-police-nationale">réforme « corps et carrière » de 2004</a> et les mouvements
contraires de déflation et de gonflement des différents corps et grades.
Mme Klein était "<i>une jeune fonctionnaire stagiaire</i>". De M. Gaillemin,
le 2e policier jugé, celui qui disait à sa collègue Stéphanie Klein ne
pas donner cher de la peau des enfants "<i>s’ils rentrent sur le site
EDF</i>", le tribunal dira qu’il est "<i>un jeune gardien de la paix
titulaire ne totalisant que 5 années d’ancienneté dans la police</i>", et
relèvera qu’il est accompagné de deux agents non titulaires, deux "<i>adjoints de sécurité"</i>. M. Gaillemin aussi est en poste au
commissariat de Livry-Gargan ; car de commissariat à Clichy, nous
l’avons dit, il n’en est point.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">À cela s’ajoute une sociologie
fine du changement organisationnel, en l’espèce de la gestion des
communications radio des effectifs sur le terrain. Pour des raisons de
rationalisation budgétaire, la Police nationale a concentré les
opérateurs-radios sur des plate-formes extérieures aux commissariats
locaux, et y a en priorité affecté <i>"les sortis d’école</i>", surtout
féminins (ici, il s’agissait même d’une fonctionnaire stagiaire). Les
policiers de terrain ne cessent eux-mêmes de se plaindre d’être
« guidés » par des collègues qui ne connaissent pas la topographie des
lieux, ce qui donne parfois lieu à des situations cocasses, ici
dramatiques : Mme Klein a supposé que <i>"le site EDF</i>" était un bâtiment
administratif. Nul ne saurait lui en faire grief, d’autant que sa
hiérarchie, comme pour ajouter une touche de son cru aux causes
structurelles de défaillance de la police urbaine, ne lui avait même pas
mis à disposition de plan de la commune qu’elle couvrait ! Depuis
maintenant 50 ans, la sociologie américaine, qui dispose d’un stock
volumineux de données sur les homicides policiers, a établi que l’une
des causes les plus déterminantes de l’usage illégitime de l’arme à feu
par les policiers est la mauvaise information par le standard. J’ai par
exemple fait écho à ces travaux il y a 20 ans, y compris dans un rapport
au Ministère de l’Intérieur, et la <a href="http://www.france24.com/fr/20141127-video-jeune-noir-abattu-cleveland-accable-police-tamir-rice-michael-brown-ferguson">mort récente à Cleveland</a> d’un enfant
de 12 ans sous les balles d’un policier mal aiguillé par un opérateur
radio est récemment encore venue illustrer le caractère crucial de cette
fonction apparemment périphérique et subalterne qu’est le standard.
Sociologie des organisations, sociologie des techniques : le sociologue
ne peut que valider l’exposé du tribunal.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFlDN9p11_bAFXdO33qO_GXlN-tHSkgZNkiP0YoxuE4dww2xm2Kc4XeL6MbnsqPADwdo7QpnL_-HYGcFx2HygpxIHLyxoRYP8pYCJ0V_ptm0jpxQFk7zcKAc3-R9kY-TA7TMLaxeYt3ZM/s1600/_mg_8095_finish-2-7a222.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFlDN9p11_bAFXdO33qO_GXlN-tHSkgZNkiP0YoxuE4dww2xm2Kc4XeL6MbnsqPADwdo7QpnL_-HYGcFx2HygpxIHLyxoRYP8pYCJ0V_ptm0jpxQFk7zcKAc3-R9kY-TA7TMLaxeYt3ZM/s400/_mg_8095_finish-2-7a222.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Pour Zyed et Bouna, Tribunal de Bobigny 18 mai 2015 </span></span><br />
<div class="h1 crayon article-titre-3266 ">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://paris-luttes.info/400-personnes-pour-zyed-et-bouna-3266">300 personnes pour Zyed et Bouna devant le tribunal de Bobigny</a></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Mais ce n’est pas tout :
la police, ce n’est pas qu’une institution, c’est aussi une somme de
pratiques, d’interactions, d’échanges, et on ne peut la comprendre sans
la restituer dans son environnement propre, qui est la sommes des
relations avec le public. A ce titre, le deuxième policier prévenu,
M. Gaillemin, aura avancé durant les audiences une belle observation :
quand bien même il aurait enjoint les enfants de ne pas courir vers un
site présentant un danger mortel, ces derniers "<i>ne l’auraient pas
écouté : (il) en a eu l’expérience plusieurs fois en travaillant en
Seine St Denis</i>". De toutes les observations formulées, celle-ci est
sans doute sinon la plus juste, assurément la plus sordide. Elle nous
informe que les policiers considèrent comme acquis que plus jamais des
enfants n’écouteront la police, et que l’effort de celle-ci de
convaincre est par avance frappé d’impuissance. Nous voilà au cœur d’un
concept fondamental de la police : la confiance. On lit souvent qu’il
faut "<i>restaurer la confiance entre police et population</i>", en France et
ailleurs. <a class="spip_out" href="http://www.vacarme.org/article1557.html">Confiance du policier envers lui-même</a>,
envers la force de sa parole, sa force de conviction. Confiance des
enfants envers la police : si celle-ci avait crié de ne surtout pas
s’exposer à un danger de mort, ils auraient écouté ce qui leur restait
de confiance envers la police. Or le policier estime, d’expérience,
qu’il ne leur en reste rien. La mort est au bout de ce bilan comptable.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Les
juges ne donnent pas le condensé d’un demi-siècle de sociologie de la
police pour le plaisir des sciences sociales. Ils le font aux fins
d’exonération de la responsabilité. Toutes ces raisons structurelles de
turpitude de l’organisation de la police ne sauraient être portées par
la seule Mme Klein. On a souscrit au raisonnement, on souscrit sans
réserve à la conclusion.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mais il faut être lucide sur ce jeu de
cache-cache entre droit et sociologie. La sociologie s’adresse aux
structures, le droit pénal ne connaît que des individus. Pour le
tribunal, le responsable, c’est la structure ; le responsable, c’est
l’Etat. Il n’est pas impossible de poursuivre l’Etat, mais alors il faut
réunir devant une juridiction administrative les éléments établissant
une "<i>faute lourde</i>", et aucun des éléments exonératoires évoqués par le
tribunal n’en est une. Arguer du cumul de fautes légères mène également
à l’impasse, car ce ne sont pas seulement des petites négligences qui
sont en cause ici, mais au long de décennies entières une multitudes
d’effets latéraux, collatéraux, pervers, ou voulus, qui produit les
conditions de probabilité de l’accident, et de la mort. Entre
l’impossible faute lourde et l’insaisissable responsabilité
individuelle, la justice pénale rappelle qu’elle n’est pas le lieu de la
réparation morale ou politique.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Il y a bel et bien partie de
cache-cache dans ce recours à la sociologie. Le raisonnement
exonératoire en faveur d’au moins l’un des deux fonctionnaires est signé
par le même président qui ouvrait les audiences de cette mise en
garde : ce procès ne serait pas <i>"le procès de la police dans son
ensemble</i>". L’évidence des faits, ou la mauvaise foi, se sont finalement
imposés au terme des débats : c’est bien le procès de la police dans
son ensemble qui a été tenu, et qui a permis l’exonératio</span></span>n.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">L’exonération
de responsabilité, ce terme de droit, n’est-ce pas celui que le
politique, de Reagan à Sarkozy en passant par <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4838684.stm">Blair</a> ou <a href="http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2010/04/02/claude-bartolone-estime-qu-il-manque-400-policiers-en-seine-saint-denis_1327749_823448.html">Bartolone</a>,
appellent <i>"l’excuse sociologique</i>" ? Le tribunal nous réconciliera : la
sociologie ne peut juger des individus. Mais alors, qui jugera la
police?</span></div>
Url originale http://www.vacarme.org/article2763.html<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><u><b>Plus d´Info</b></u></span><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.reperes-antiracistes.org/2015/05/zyed-et-bouna-communique-du-fuiqp.html">L´injustice scandaleuse dans le procès des assassins de Zyed et Bouna</a> communiqué du Front Uni des Immigrations et des Quartiers Populaires (FUIQP) <a href="http://www.reperes-antiracistes.org/">Rèperes Antiracistes</a> (@antiraciste2012) 21 Mai 2015</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://lahorde.samizdat.net/2015/05/21/zied-et-bouna-lextreme-droite-se-rejouit-de-la-relaxe-des-policiers/">Zied et Bouna : l’extrême droite se réjouit de la relaxe des policiers</a><a href="http://lahorde.samizdat.net/">La Horde</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/La_Horde">@La_Horde</a> 21 mai 2015 </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.lemonde.fr/a-la-une/article/2005/12/07/le-dernier-jour-de-bouna-traore-et-zyed-benna_718481_3208.html#fLtDu4dpKTfDygfV.99">Le dernier jour de Bouna Traoré et Zyed Benna</a> Ariane Chemin <a class="ProfileCard-screennameLink u-linkComplex js-nav" data-aria-label-part="" href="https://twitter.com/ArianeChemin">@<span class="u-linkComplex-target">ArianeChemin</span></a> <a href="http://www.lemonde.fr/a-la-une/article/2005/12/07/le-dernier-jour-de-bouna-traore-et-zyed-benna_718481_3208.html#fLtDu4dpKTfDygfV.99"> </a><a href="http://www.lemonde.fr/">Le Monde</a> 17 Décembre 2005</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><u>Sur le blog</u></span><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2011/08/zizek-on-2005-riots-in-frances.html">Zizek on 2005 riots in France's banlieues. A politically incorrect (and timely necessary) reflexion. </a>Aout 2011</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><u>Par @OnadaExpansiva</u></span><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Franca?src=hash">#Franca</a> Reobert el proces x la mort de 2 nois que va incendiar les <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/banlieues?src=hash">#banlieues</a> <a href="http://t.co/VzW10WLf">http://www.ara.cat/mon/Reobren-lacusacio-adolescents-incendiar-banlieues_0_802119952.html …</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/ARA_mon">@ARA_mon</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/impunitat?src=hash">#impunitat</a> 31/10/12</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/France?src=hash">#France</a> Retour sur la grande révolte des <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/banlieues?src=hash">#banlieues</a> françaises <a href="http://t.co/sLyKFNYXzx">http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2006/08/DUCLOS/13741 …</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/mdiplo">@mdiplo</a> <a href="http://t.co/0jNYa5G9Do">15/1/15</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Francia?src=hash">#Francia</a> Absuelven a los dos policías acusados de no prestar auxilio a Zyed y Bouna <a href="https://t.co/ytLBALqaqj">https://www.diagonalperiodico.net/global/26770-absuelven-dos-policias-franceses-acusados-no-prestar-auxilio-zyed-y-bouna.html …</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/El_Diagonal">@El_Diagonal</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/ZiedEtBouna?src=hash">#ZiedEtBouna</a>18/5/15 </span></li>
</ul>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2814330838470356389.post-87315779769881211712015-07-01T10:13:00.000-07:002016-09-24T09:03:41.705-07:00Apaga y vámonos (Manel Mayol 2005) <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Disponible <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="ed2k://|file|Apaga.y.vamonos.aka.Switch.off.[Manel.Mayol.2005].[Documental.83m47s].[DVDRip.H264.AAC.SPA].[EN.FR.Subs].[RebeldeMule].mkv|1055124899|DA27AD42B1CE03E9F6623DC8243B7D84|h=56ICSNWQ6LCLBRGBI7AXEHYCI2TIOZEU|/">para descargar </a>en l<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">a pagina de <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.rebeldemule.org/foro/documental/tema9164.html">Rebelde Mule</a> </span></span></span></span></span>el documental <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zCmQf5hcPUo">Apaga y Vamonos</a> dirigido por <a href="http://www.zumzeig-cine.eu/distribucin/directores/manel-mayol.html">Manel Mayol</a> y producido por <a href="http://andoliado.com/">Andoliado Producciones</a>. Ofrece una perspectiva singular sobre el impacto de grandes proyectos de infraestructura (en este caso, una represa) sobre los territorios ancestrales de pueblos indígenas en este caso el pueblo Mapuche; ilustra asimismo el comportamiento depredador de las transnacionales a menudo detrás de tales proyectos, en el particular la <a href="http://www.eldiario.es/desalambre/represas-Endesa-conflictos-America-Latina_0_237626997.html">compañia Endesa</a> asi como la complicidad de gobiernos locales. Como señala <a href="http://cinereverso.org/?p=487">Cinereverso:</a> "<i>En este filme se retrata con aguda libertad otro colonizador vestido
con ropaje de emprendedor, la multinacional Endesa. Se denuncian los
atropellos cometidos por esta empresa que ha expoliado una gran zona
ecológica y cultural de la gran nación chilena. Sepultado bajo las
“aguas de la prosperidad y el desarrollo”, han quedado mutiladas la
historia y las tradiciones de varias generaciones del pueblo Mapuche,
ejecutado en nombre de la economía y el gran capital.</i><i> Esta pieza cinematográfica retrata con un exquisito acabado –desde la
sobriedad y la lucidez de los tiempos-, el entramado de una operación
fraudulenta éticamente inaceptable por esta multinacional, con la
complicidad del ex presidente de Chile <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Frei_Ruiz-Tagle">Eduardo Frey</a>" </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u>Posts Relacionados</u><br /><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2012/11/barrickgold-explotando-el-filon-de.html">BarrickGold, explotando el filón de impunidad de los actores no Estatales</a> Noviembre 2012 <br /><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2014/11/un-aeroport-en-vert-et-contre-tout.html">Un aéroport en vert et contre tout</a> Noviembre 2014 <br /><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/02/la-vallee-qui-resisterecit-de-la-lutte.html">La vallée qui résiste.Récit de la lutte contre le TGV Lyon-Turin</a> Febrer 2015</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i> </i></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2814330838470356389.post-81495365170212113932015-06-29T09:47:00.000-07:002015-06-29T09:47:04.144-07:00From North to South, common goods and public services under threat<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">For some time structural adjustments including massive cuts to state-funded activities such as education and health or the privatization of public enterprises and services seemed something limited to the periphery, the so-called <i>South</i> be it Latin America, Africa or Asia . However, as ultimate evidence of the global nature of capitalism the current recession has brought to our very shores and homes the same kind of rigid policy formulas, dictated by the very same unelected financial institutions. In this article, appeared in Red Pepper in June 2015 Thomas McDonagh looks at the parallelisms between Bolivia´s Water war and the ongoing campaign in Ireland against the privatization of water. As usual, we have added some pictures, hyperlinks and context info at the end. </span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">From Ireland to Bolivia, there’s something in the water </span></span></b><span style="font-size: small;">Thomas McDonagh <a href="http://www.redpepper.org.uk/">Red Pepper</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">For months people across Ireland have been protesting against the introduction of charges for domestic water – which, until the first wave of bills arrived in April, had been paid for through direct taxation. Opposition to the charges peaked on 1 November, when more than 150,000 people attended 90 different protests across the country, building on months of local campaigning. Equally spectacularly, just weeks earlier almost 100,000 people took to the streets of Dublin to express their anger at a reform that was agreed as part of the<a href="http://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/jean-claude-trichet-and-the-irish-bailout-a-timeline-1.1990882"> 2010 bailout</a> brokered by the Irish government with the European Union and International Monetary Fund. The campaign still has considerable momentum and may well get a new lease of life as payment becomes a pressing issue.</span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The events in Ireland are reminiscent of what happened in Bolivia 15 years ago, during <a href="http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bolivia/timeline.html">Cochabamba’s famous ‘water war</a>’. In April 2000, this city of half a million people – about the size of Dublin – joined together across boundaries of class and ethnicity and literally shut itself down in three separate general strikes that had the common objective of taking back their water system from a foreign multinational. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In a grassroots struggle that resembled David and Goliath to the point that it even saw the use of slingshots on the city’s streets, the victory <a href="http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=6670">over the Bechtel Corporation</a> became known across the world. But less understood is how this struggle over water radically transformed the politics of a country in ways that have been enormous and enduring. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The echoes of Bolivia in the current Irish water conflict are clear. One is that the struggle has awoken a sleeping giant, <a href="http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/12/9/irish-water-protestsausterityhumanrightsday.html">mobilizing people</a>
in ways that until recently seemed impossible. And two, how the
struggle plays out may have equally enormous and enduring effects on
Irish political culture. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">There’s
something about water – whether it be in Cochabamba or Coolock – that
gets to people on both a rational and a visceral level in ways that
other issues don’t. We rely on it to meet our most basic needs. And
when elites begin to mess with it, whether it’s polluting our water
sources, using them for mining or fracking, or potentially putting
water out of people’s reach by turning it into a ‘product’ on the
market, people get angry. Appropriately, in Spanish, when you want to
say ‘the straw that broke the camel’s back’, the equivalent term is
‘the drop of water that made the glass overflow’. </span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1l0tycmi72xa82odeiYBAO_ksxB6bPxOtKGKFzatIzeqGXBGMheulA7sJ6v-5EXGp4rU1y4kTo5m-GyMXYD9tBLj_4svsidQPzRFNwdlPZflsLH5IwejAiiUz979ekmsTPuL9KeYtZ2s/s1600/534077_10151525163332141_1463210413_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1l0tycmi72xa82odeiYBAO_ksxB6bPxOtKGKFzatIzeqGXBGMheulA7sJ6v-5EXGp4rU1y4kTo5m-GyMXYD9tBLj_4svsidQPzRFNwdlPZflsLH5IwejAiiUz979ekmsTPuL9KeYtZ2s/s400/534077_10151525163332141_1463210413_n.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="justify"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Scene from one of the massive protests in Cochabamba, Bolivia in April 2000 from </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://subversiones.org/archivos/7440">La Guerra del Agua,</a> <a href="http://subversiones.org/">Subversiones</a> April 2013 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Abusive economics</b></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In Bolivia then as in Ireland now, people had been on the receiving end of abusive economic policies. What in Ireland is being called austerity, in Bolivia was known as ‘structural adjustment’: cuts upon more cuts, and a relentless drive to privatize public services and infrastructure. The family silver was being sold off in an obsessive drive to balance the books, often without democratic consent or any questioning of the conditions under which the national debt had been accumulated. While in Ireland it’s the <a href="https://www.imf.org/external/np/loi/2010/irl/120310.pdf">ECB</a> and <a href="https://www.imf.org/external/np/loi/2010/irl/120310.pdf">IMF</a> calling the shots, in Bolivia it was the World Bank that was insisting on water privatization. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bolivian activists didn’t just straight off denounce structural adjustment when the water war began, just as Irish activists didn’t begin talking about the injustices of austerity at the start of their water conflict. Both struggles, however, pushed the tip of a concealed iceberg above the surface long enough for people who never normally think of themselves as activists to get a clear glimpse of how the economic system works against their interests. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Most of the time, that system operates below the surface, with corruption and corporate encroachment into our democratic spaces only on the radar of activists and specialist researchers. And the system is safe when it stays below the surface like this. When the ship hits the iceberg, suddenly the mechanisms of the system are revealed so that people who aren’t usually activists can see it for what it is. </span></span><br />
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</span></span> <span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Ear of the public</b></span></span> <br />
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</span></span> <span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">There’s something about struggles like these over water that give us the ear of the general public in ways that most of the time we only imagine. As Oscar Olivera, the trade unionist leader of Coordinadora del Agua in Cochabamba during the water revolt, pointed out, ‘We always repeated those slogans “Death to the World Bank”, “Death to the IMF”, “Down with Yankee imperialism” but I believe that [the water war was] the first time that the people understood in a direct way.’ </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The <a href="http://democracyctr.org/blogfrombolivia/bolivia-15-years-on-from-the-water-war/">lesson from Cochabamba</a> 15 years ago and from Ireland today is that we only rarely accrue popular power sufficient to challenge the system from the situations that we carefully plan. More often than not, it comes from spotting the right moments – usually provoked by our adversaries – that reveal the system for what it is and the ways it negatively affects people’s lives in clear and understandable ways. At these moments, new activists emerge from the shadows of a normally disengaged public. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">According to Maria Eugenia Flores, a young activist coming of age at the time of the water revolt, ‘<i>That historic moment in Cochabamba allowed me to see clearly what was happening in my country, to understand the politics of water, privatization, the struggle to defend this resource and especially to get to know other people like me who were waking up and opening their eyes to the injustices that we were living through.</i>’ </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">When these spaces open up, the possibility of change seems within reach. So much that was taken for granted in a political culture can turn out to be a lot less set in stone than it first appeared. </span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWHCpXUlucOicIpwEsVRxb1uXmcmu8IMDf0DxcN01vsU_VlTHINCrXb9Vvu71-7mBrlqAeWsSONkCBwYknUHcuCi-dW0WARPtOixQwZesfKzGj0DZJC2tOZe6v73lApS0J8FjfTpq4DfQ/s1600/irishwater-a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWHCpXUlucOicIpwEsVRxb1uXmcmu8IMDf0DxcN01vsU_VlTHINCrXb9Vvu71-7mBrlqAeWsSONkCBwYknUHcuCi-dW0WARPtOixQwZesfKzGj0DZJC2tOZe6v73lApS0J8FjfTpq4DfQ/s400/irishwater-a.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Demonstration of up to 100,000 people in Dublin in October 2014 against a new Water tax and under the slogan Water is a human right Picture <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/dararobinson/15518401392">Dara Robinson</a>/flickr/cc) from </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.commondreams.org/author/andrea-germanos-staff-writer" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sea of Irish Protesters: 'Water Is a Human Right!'Andrea Germanos</a> <a href="http://www.commondreams.org/">Common Dreams</a> October 2014 </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Losing their fear</b></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In Bolivia, following the water revolt, the parties that had dominated the presidency for decades vanished from the political map in less than five years, along with the policies that had driven the country’s economics. As soon as it became clear that they could be challenged and beaten, people lost their fear and traditional political power structures came tumbling down. </span></span></div>
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</span></span> <span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In Ireland, many of the political arrangements that seem to be immutable may well turn out to be as thin and vulnerable as they were in Bolivia – and are proving to be in places such as Greece and Spain. </span></span></div>
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</span></span> <span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">As Brendan Ogle, trade unionist and spokesperson for the <a href="http://www.right2water.eu/">Right2Water campaign</a> (@right2water), has said about the achievements of the movement in Ireland: ‘Until now people felt alone; they felt that what the Troika want, what the IMF want, what the ECB want, is what the government will deliver, not what the citizens want. They now know that they’re not alone.’ </span></span></div>
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</span></span> <span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">There’s something about water and the ways that it unites people in common cause that can expand people’s horizons to the possibilities of broader social change. And while moments of victory – when edifices crumble – are unpredictable, fleeting and rare, when they do happen, we sometimes find that everything is changed. </span></span></div>
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</span></span> <span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In the words of Maria Eugenia Flores, ‘In the face of so much injustice, we stood up and lost our fear.’ </span></span></div>
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<small>Thomas McDonagh is a researcher and project coordinator at the <a href="http://democracyctr.org/category/blogfrombolivia/">Democracy Centre </a>based in Cochabamba, Bolivia. He is contributing author of <a href="http://democracyctr.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Under_The_Radar_English_Final.pdf">Unfair, Unsustainable and Under the Radar: How Corporations Use Global Investment Rules to Undermine a Sustainable Future</a> and <a href="http://corporateeurope.org/sites/default/files/corporate_conquistadors-en-web-0912.pdf">Corporate Conquistadors: The Many Ways Multinationals Both Drive and Profit from Climate Destruction</a></small><br />
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<small>Original Url http://www.redpepper.org.uk/from-ireland-to-bolivia-theres-something-in-the-water/ </small><br />
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<u><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">More Info </span></span></b></u><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Video. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hn9wujK0ho4">Water war in Cochabamba Bolivia and future scenarios</a> (from <a href="http://www.google.es/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCEQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bluegold-worldwaterwars.com%2F&ei=Ql6RVeK7JsSCygOUrraAAg&usg=AFQjCNEASvxP-ftN4gchmfAmwwAJEFDJLw&sig2=IrFa3iL5gFkEw6d92lpyaw">Blue Gold: World Water Wars</a>), June 2013 uploaded by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCm0BbrquMqnKl9dQ_zYm4ag">bavajose</a> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.tni.org/files/download/privatising_europe.pdf">Privatizing Europe. Using the Crisis to entrench Neoliberalism</a>. Working Paper. Jospeh Zacune <a href="http://www.tni.org/">Transnational institute </a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://nacla.org/blog/2013/6/5/water-wars-water-scarcity-bolivia%E2%80%99s-cautionary-tale">From Water Wars to Water Scarcity: Bolivia’s Cautionary Tale</a>Emily Achtenberg <a href="https://nacla.org/rebel-currents">Rebel </a></span><a href="https://nacla.org/rebel-currents">Currents</a><a href="https://nacla.org/">NACLA </a>6th May 2013 </li>
</ul>
<u><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Through @OnadaExpansiva </span></span></u><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Commons?src=hash">#Commons</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/Nestle">@Nestle</a> taking public water during drought, reselling it 4 profit <a href="http://t.co/qJiObz0tzv">http://ow.ly/3xxgLn </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/DanBacher">@DanBacher</a> v <a href="https://twitter.com/BiancaJagger">@BiancaJagger</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/PenelopeElissa">@PenelopeElissa</a> March 15 </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/commons?src=hash">#commons</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Water?src=hash">#Water</a> Crisis in <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Detroit?src=hash">#Detroit</a>, told by Detroiters <a href="https://t.co/yVY7SzU2eR">https://vimeo.com/m/99499580 </a> v <a href="https://twitter.com/AudioviSol15M">@AudioviSol15M</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/llunavermella">@llunavermella</a> July 15</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Comuns?src=hash">#Comuns</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Aigua?src=hash">#Aigua</a> vida i aigua negoci <a href="http://t.co/UsjmOdj2Bz">http://espaifabrica.cat/index.php/mediambient-i-territori/item/708-aigua-vida-i-aigua-negoci …</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/EspaiFabrica">@EspaiFabrica</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Ter?src=hash">#Ter</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/defensaterritori?src=hash">#defensaterritori</a> November 13 </span></span> </li>
</ul>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2814330838470356389.post-36829767045458568302015-06-26T11:36:00.000-07:002015-06-27T10:19:18.563-07:00Actualització Secció en Català<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Finalment, hem actualitzat la <a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/p/catala_6.html">secció en català </a>tot afegint-hi aquells articles i materials que hem anat publicant desde l´estiu de 2011 quan varem inaugurar el blog amb el post <a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com/2011/07/res-es-el-que-sembla-realitat.html">Res és el que sembla. Realitat, ciutadania i propaganda</a> sobre manipulació i mitjans de comunicació de masses. Posteriorment ens vam fixar a <a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com/2011/08/25-anys-ja-joel-fieux-assassinat-per-la.html">25 anys ja. Joël Fieux assassinat per la contra a Nicaragua. Un entre d'altres</a>,en el paper jugat per els membres de les brigades internacionals que es varen desplaçar a Nicaragua a recolzar la revolució sandinista. També vam compartir amb tots vosaltres un breu resum de l´anomenada Universitat Indignada que es va celebrar a Barcelona el septembre de 2011 a través del post<a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com/2011/09/universitat-indignada-15m-per-una.html"> Universitat Indignada 15M . Per una democràcia real del coneixement i la informació.</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Vam considerar com significatius els processos electorals a Guatemala <a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com/2011/10/eleccions-guatemala-el-retorn-dels.html">Eleccions a Guatemala. El retorn dels botxins? </a></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Octubre, 2011</span>) i Colòmbia <a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com/2012/04/colombia-eleccions-drets-humans-i.html">Colòmbia: Eleccions, Drets Humans i acompanyament internacional</a> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Abril 2012</span>) aixi com la situació atípica d´un territori com Somalilàndia independent de facto <span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2013/03/somalilandia-sobirania-sense.html">(Somalilàndia, sobirania sense reconeixement formal</a></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Març 2013</span>) o l´amenaça als drets polítics i socials que suposen tractats comercials que s´estan negociant actualment, com el TTIP </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2014/11/associacio-transatlantica-de-comerc-i.html">(Associació Transatlàntica de Comerç i Inversió (TTIP) o quan els mercaders venen els pobles</a></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Novembre 2014</span>)</span>.També vàrem explorar la situació del militant inernacionalista Geroges Ibrahim Abdallah (</span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/02/georges-ibrahim-abdallah-29-anys.html">Georges Ibrahim Abdallah 29 anys presoner de l´Estat francès</a> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Febrer 2015</span>)</span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">.Finalment, vàrem voler resaltar la solidaritat i compromís del jovent basc que va participar en el <i>mur humà </i>per impedir la detenció de tres militants a Gasteiz (<span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/05/resistgasteiz-murs-de-solidaritat.html">#ResistGasteiz Murs de solidaritat contra la repressió </a></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Maig 2015</span>) així com la situació a Mèxic després de la desaparició de 43 estudiants a Ayotzinapa al Septembre de 2014 (</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2015/06/ayotzinapa-o-la-dissolucio-de-lestat.html">Ayotzinapa o la dissolució de l'Estat mexicà</a> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Juny de 2015</span>)</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">En la secció de <a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/p/videos.html">videos</a> vam pujar el muntatge "Que la Por canvïi de bàndol" del col.lectiu <a href="http://terracremada.pimienta.org/">Terra Cremada </a>sobre el cicle de movilitzacions i repressió a Barcelona entre 2011 i 2014. A <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBtPA9JMejPiLqKEqQWUk3Q/videos">Onada Expansiva Redux</a> hi trobareu la versió doblada al català del documental <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-XMEKxSxPo8">"The Coca Cola case"</a> sobre les vincualcions de l´empresa estadounidenca i grups paramilitars involucrats en guerra bruta anti-sindical. A la secció <a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/p/reports-informes-recursos.html">Reports-informes-Recursos</a> varem incloure l´informe del <a href="http://www.centredelas.org/">Centre d’Estudis per la Pau J.M. Delàs</a> sobre "Militarisme a Amèrica Llàtina de <a href="http://www.centredelas.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=258&Itemid=76&lang=en#POrtega">Pere Ortega</a> i Juan Sebastián Gómez.Destacar que tota aquesta informació no hauria pogut ésser compartida sense la feina de mitjans com <a href="https://directa.cat/">La Directa</a>, <a href="http://www.elcritic.cat/">Sentit Crític</a> i <a href="http://www.nationalia.cat/ca/">Nationalia</a> i col.lectius com <a href="http://espaifabrica.cat/">L´Espai Fabrica</a> Seguim i seguirem. </span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2814330838470356389.post-43694937509247997782015-06-23T10:53:00.000-07:002015-06-23T10:53:07.855-07:00Report on Kenya´s security forces abuses in the fight against Al-Shabaab.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">We have added in the <a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/p/reports-informes-recursos.html">Reports section</a> a recently released report by <a href="http://www.hrw.org/">Human Rights Watch </a>and the <a href="http://www.khrc.or.ke/">Kenya Human Rights Commission</a> entitled <a href="http://www.hrw.org/reports/2015/06/15/insult-injury-0" title="Insult to Injury">Insult to Injury</a> documenting the abuses, arbitrary detentions and excessive use of force by Kenya´s Security Forces in the aftermath of an <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27862510">attack by Al-Shabaab</a> against villages and vehicles in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamu_County">Lamu County</a>. It is not the first time (<a href="http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/01/12/kenya-security-forces-abusing-civilians-near-somalia-border">2012</a>, <a href="http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/05/04/kenya-investigate-security-force-abuses-against-ethnic-somalis-0">2013</a>) that Kenya´s security forces (<a href="http://www.nation.co.ke/news/UK-military-training-Kenya-extended-for-six-months/-/1056/2706674/-/439smo/-/index.html">UK</a> and <a href="http://www.npr.org/2015/04/04/397450823/kenyas-security-problem-with-al-shabab-doesnt-stop-at-borders">US</a> trained) are held responsible for human rights violations in their counterinsurgency operations. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Kenya´s Security Forces, from<a href="http://in2eastafrica.net/kenyas-anti-terror-unit-guilty-of-abuses-says-hrw/"> Kenya’s anti-terror unit guilty of abuses, says HRW </a>from <a href="http://in2eastafrica.net/kenyas-anti-terror-unit-guilty-of-abuses-says-hrw/">In2EastAfric</a><a href="http://in2eastafrica.net/kenyas-anti-terror-unit-guilty-of-abuses-says-hrw/">a</a></span></div>
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<u><b><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Background </span></span></b></u><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">During five weeks between mid-June through July 2014, armed gunmen who in most cases claimed to be part of the Somalia-based armed Islamist group <a href="http://horseedmedia.net/2015/03/03/somalia-al-shabaab-releases-video-of-mpeketoni-kenya-attack/">Al-Shabaab,</a> attacked a passenger bus and at least eight villages in the Kenyan coastal counties of <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27862510">Lamu and Tana River</a>. The attackers killed 87 people including four security officers, and destroyed approximately 30 buildings and 50 vehicles. Kenyan security forces were slow to respond to the attacks, leaving villages unprotected and when they eventually responded, their actions were of ten discriminatory, beating, arbitrarily detaining and stealing personal property from Muslim and ethnic Somalis in the two counties. A year later, despite numerous law enforcement operations along the coast, hundreds have been arrested and mistreated, only to have charges dropped for lack of evidence and no one has been held responsible for the attacks. </span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2814330838470356389.post-8663089725873257572015-06-22T09:16:00.001-07:002015-10-15T03:52:30.452-07:00Asamblea Mundial de la Salud: escenario, luces y sombras <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">La Asamblea Mundial de la Salud (AMS) de la Organización Mundial de la Salud es considerada como la cita ineludible para todo aquel/lla interesad@ en la promoción y defensa de la Salud Pública en el ambito internacional; en la misma se discuten todos aquellos aspectos en los que la organización es activa. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Sin embargo cabe preguntarse hasta qué punto las deliberaciones representan las prioridades de las mayorías o las agendas de donantes y Estados? Cuál es el papel que en ella pueden jugar tanto los gobiernos como las organizaciones sociales de los países del Sur Global? Y, finalmente, hasta qué punto es este un foro real para el intercambio y la búsqueda de soluciones en común y no una extensión de las dinámicas de dominación y desequilibrio que caracterizan otros ámbitos de la política internacional? Estas son algunas de las preguntas que se ha buscado responder, tomando como referencia factores coyunturales, estructurales e institucionales y que seguiremos explorando en próximas entregas. <span style="font-size: x-small;">Hyperlinks como apoyo informativo y material de contexto al final.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Angela Merkel en la Sesión de Apertura del 68 periodo de Sesiones de la Asamblea Mundial de la Salud,en el Palais des Nations Ginebra. Crédito<a class="owner-name truncate" data-rapid_p="35" data-track="attributionNameClick" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/bundesregierung/" title="Go to Bundesregierung's photostream"> Bundesregierung</a> Flickr.
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><b>Asamblea Mundial de la Salud: escenario, luces y sombras</b></u> <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/in/vidaljaume/">Jaume Vidal</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="mailto:jauvika@gmail.com">Contactar </a></span> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">La Asamblea Mundial de la Salud (AMS) celebró su <a href="http://apps.who.int/gb/s/s_wha68.html">68o periodo de sesiones</a> entre
el 24 de abril y el 5 de mayo en la ciudad suiza de Ginebra; principal órgano
deliberativo y de toma de decisiones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud
(<a href="http://www.who.int/">OMS</a>); la AMS constituye uno de esos
rituales, como la <a href="http://www.un.org/en/ga/">Asamblea General de
Naciones Unidas</a>, de supuesto
diálogo, interacción y acuerdo entre actores sobre los que se apoya la llamada
sociedad internacional.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Durante el periodo de sesiones los representantes de los
Estados-miembro de la OMS discuten y examinan los principales problemas o
situaciones que afectan la salud pública internacional (salud global), con la mayoría
de temas habiendo sido examinados con anterioridad en el <a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/events/governance/eb/es/">Comité Ejecutivo</a>
(órgano restringido a 34 Estados) y presentados a la AMS como informes a
considerar o resoluciones a aprobar. La participación de la sociedad civil
organizada, si bien creciente en la última década, sigue siendo limitada. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">La Agenda de la AMS ha conocido en los últimos años un
crecimiento exponencial donde se mezclan temas coyunturales (epidemias, crisis
humanitarias...) con estructurales (acceso a bienes y servicios de salud, innovación
sanitaria...) e institucionales (reforma de la organización, relación con
actores no estatales...). La
proliferación de las cuestiones (obsérvese la diferencia entre la
agenda del <a href="http://apps.who.int/gb/archive/e/e_wha54.html">54 periodo de sesiones</a> (2001) y el <a href="http://apps.who.int/gb/s/s_wha68.html">más reciente</a>) a tratar no
obedece tanto a un eventual empeoramiento de las condiciones de salud de la
población mundial (<a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs290/es/">informes
recientes</a> señalarían lo contrario) sino a la incapacidad/falta de voluntad
de los Estados para alcanzar a acuerdos satisfactorios que permitan
materializar un consenso global en una resolución que provea de mandato a la
OMS para, a su vez, acompañar a los Estados miembros en su implementación (por
ejemplo el <a href="http://www.who.int/ihr/es/">Reglamento Sanitario
Internacional</a>); al contrario, las discusiones continúan bajo una u otra
forma (grupos de trabajo, reuniones ad-hoc...) sin que determinados temas sean resueltos
(o tratados en su completa dimensión)... con consecuencias funestas para las poblaciones
afectadas. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Si se había alcanzado el consenso sin embargo en, desde finales
de la década de los noventa, congelar las cuotas con las que los Estados
miembros sufragan el presupuesto regular de funcionamiento de la OMS; de forma
cuasi simultánea se registra un crecimiento exponencial de las llamadas <a href="https://www.unjiu.org/en/reports-notes/archive/JIU_REP_2007_1_English.pdf">contribuciones
voluntarias</a>: partidas ad-hoc que van dirigidas, exclusivamente, a aquellas
actividades, proyectos o departamentos de la organización decididas por el
donante más allá de criterios técnico-sanitarios. Según <a href="http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA68/A68_INF1-en.pdf">informó</a>
el propio secretariado de la organización en 2014 hasta el 80% de los recursos
disponibles se originaron en donaciones dirigidas; con los principales donantes
siendo Estados Unidos, la <a href="http://www.gatesfoundation.org/">Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation</a>, Reino
Unido, <a href="http://www.gavi.org/">Global Vaccine Alliance Initiative</a>
(GAVI) y Canadá. <a href="http://keionline.org/">Knowledge Ecology
International</a> ha compilado la <a href="http://keionline.org/node/2221">lista
completa</a> de donantes que incluye entidades privadas, otras agencias de Naciones
Unidas y la Generalitat de Catalunya (3,872,351 de dólares) (!).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">La crisis, tanto en términos humanitarios en los países
afectados como institucionales en la sede principal de OMS, provocada por el
brote epidémico del virus del Ebola fue uno de los temas centrales de la AMS
(ya había sido objeto de una <a href="http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA68/A68_2-en.pdf">sesión
extraordinaria</a> del EB).Y lo fue precisamente porque dejó al descubierto las
<a href="http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2015/05/11/actualidad/1431356088_414180.html">graves
carencias</a> de una organización que había sido creada para responder a tales desafíos
(supranacionales y necesitando de conocimientos/medios especializados). Las
llamadas a la reforma de OMS que vienen oyéndose desde hace ya varios años aumentaron
en volumen hasta el punto que la propia Directora General de la Organización <a href="http://www.ip-watch.org/2015/05/18/world-health-assembly-opens-time-of-change-at-who-g-7-involved/">admitió
públicamente</a>, y no por primera vez, la necesidad de una revisión profunda
de un conjunto de mecanismos y prácticas que hace tiempo dejaron de ser
eficientes en la defensa y promoción de la salud pública a escala planetaria. La
AMS también estuvo marcada por otros temas igualmente significativos en
términos <b>coyunturales</b>, <b>estructurales</b> e <b>institucionales</b> que ilustran otro tipo de crisis y oportunidades de
mejora.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tras varios años de alertas y advertencias por parte comunidad médico-científica y un buen número
de organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONG),
la AMS examinó a la aprobación de un plan de lucha contra la resistencia
<a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs194/es/">Anti-Microbiana</a>,
dicho de otro modo, la necesidad de combatir la <a href="http://www.abc.es/salud/noticias/20140430/abci-resistencia-antibioticos-201404301421.html">resistencia
creciente a los antibióticos</a> reportados en múltiples instancias. Tras un
proceso de discusión en las diferentes regiones se llegó a la AMS con un
borrador de <a href="http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA68/A68_19-sp.pdf">resolución
y estrategia global</a> para la lucha contra la resistencia Anti-microbiana. Si
bien existía un relativo consenso acerca de la necesidad de un plan que
incluyera a todos los actores concernidos (desde profesionales sanitarios a
responsables de ganadería pasando por la industria farmacéutica) para una
actuación coherente no fue posible alcanzar un acuerdo hasta el final de la
asamblea debido a las diferencias manifestadas entre Estados sobre los montos a
invertir/distribuir por cada quien en el mencionado plan. Con el <a href="http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA68/A68_R7-sp.pdf">plan de
acción y estrategia global</a> aprobado resultará interesante ver tanto su
aplicación como su impacto en áreas tales como la lucha contra la <a href="http://www.msfaccess.org/about-us/media-room/press-releases/leading-medical-organisations-team-bring-new-tb-treatments-those">Tuberculosis</a>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Otro ámbito de discusión, desafortunadamente convertido en
estructural, es el de innovación y acceso a tecnologías sanitarias. Se trata de
un tema complejo, con un conjunto ingente de actores (y sus respectivas
agendas) y donde el equilibrio de posturas que garantizaría un cierto consenso
del que derivar un mandato claro y financiado para la OMS se ha revelado esquivo durante al menos una década. No menos de 8
Asambleas desde los trabajos de la <a href="http://www.who.int/intellectualproperty/documents/thereport/SPPublicHealthReport.pdf">Comisión
Internacional sobre Salud Pública, Innovación y Propiedad Intelectual</a>
(2006) que derivaron en las deliberaciones del <a href="http://www.who.int/phi/igwg/en/">Grupo de Trabajo Intergubernamental
sobre Salud Publica, Innovación y Propiedad Intelectual</a> (IGWG) 2008-2010
que aprobó la <a href="http://www.who.int/entity/phi/publications/Global_Strategy_Plan_Action.pdf?ua=1">Estrategia
y Plan de Acción Global sobre Salud Pública, Innovación y Propiedad Intelectual</a>
(GSPA) del que emanó el <a href="http://www.who.int/phi/ewg/en/">Grupo de
Expertos sobre Mecanismos de Coordinación y Financiación para el Desarrollo</a>
derivado en el <a href="http://www.who.int/entity/phi/CEWG_Report_ES.pdf">Grupo
Consultivo de Expertos</a> hasta el examen de los <a href="http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA68/A68_34Add1-en.pdf">casos
seleccionados</a> de investigación, desarrollo y producción de tecnologías
sanitarias que respondan a las necesidades sanitarias de las mayorías
examinados en la presente edición de la AMS junto a la extensión <a href="http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA68/A68_35-en.pdf">del mandato
de la GSPA</a> y la elección de un futuro panel de expertos que evaluaría los
casos prácticos seleccionados. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">En esta ocasión
se hicieron más notorias si cabe las <a href="http://www.ip-watch.org/2015/05/25/wha-68-experts-discuss-delinking-drug-rd-costs-from-pricing-to-make-them-affordable/">críticas
al actual modelo de Innovación y Desarrollo</a> (I+D) muy especialmente el
argumento según el cual el precio de un producto viene determinado por la
cantidad invertida en su desarrollo que ha sido el mantra de la industria
farmacéutica y sus valedores políticos en los últimos 20 años. Las demandas
para abrir negociaciones entre Estados para un <a href="http://healthresearchpolicy.org/content/biomedical-rd-treaty">Tratado
internacional sobre Investigación Biomédica</a> que comprometa a las partes a
invertir en el desarrollo (público) de tecnologías sanitarias no han sido este
año tan fuerte como en ediciones anteriores; no es descartable sin embargo que
tal camino sea el escogido por parte de aquellos Estados (Unión Europea en su
conjunto, Japón, Estados Unidos y Suiza principalmente) cuyo máximo interés es
en el mantenimiento del status quo en detrimento de las demandas <a href="https://www.msfaccess.org/content/68th-wha-msf-intervention-follow-report-consultative-expert-working-group-research-and">de
cambio de modelo</a> por parte del Sur Global y el conjunto de ONG
(esencialmente organizaciones occidentales) habituales en este tipo de eventos.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Desde un punto de vista institucional, el 68o periodo de
sesiones recogía <a href="http://www.who.int/about/collaborations/non-state-actors/en/">un tema</a>
que enlaza de forma directa con la naturaleza contemporánea de las
organizaciones internacionales de tipo intergubernamental como la OMS: la
relación con los llamados <a href="http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA68/A68_53-sp.pdf">Actores No
Estatales</a>. Tal etiqueta recoge no solo la sociedad civil organizada en
forma de ONG, asociaciones de pacientes, colegios médicos o academia sino
también y quizás sobretodo la industria y sus satélites (fundaciones, centros
de estudios, asociaciones…). Aquellas industrias que tienen intereses directos
en asuntos de salud pública como compañías farmacéuticas o las
<a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/How-food-beverage-giants-influence-WHO-rules/articleshow/47378845.cms">comercializadoras de productos alimenticios</a> llevan desde hace tiempo penetrando
<a href="http://www.twn.my/title2/intellectual_property/info.service/2015/ip150504.htm">lenta
y gradualmente</a> las organizaciones especializadas con mayor o menor
discreción o pudor ante la <a href="http://www.medicusmundi.org/en/contributions/campaigns/2015/defend-the-world-health-organization-from-corporate-takeover">alarma</a>
de activistas. El protocolo de entendimiento (conjunto de reglas que sirviera
de guía y referencia para futuras interacciones) que estaba en discusión en la
AMS buscaba por un lado intentar proteger aquellas áreas técnicas que deben
quedar lejos de toda influencia interesada (lista de medicamentos esenciales,
guías nutricionales…) y por el otro normalizar un poco más la creciente
proliferación de estructuras <a href="http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story077/en/">publico-privadas</a>
donde las empresas se sientan en la <a href="https://www.unglobalcompact.org/">misma
mesa</a> que gobiernos y organizaciones internacionales. Simultáneamente se
buscaba que también la sociedad civil organizada tuviera mayor acceso a las
discusiones y deliberaciones de la OMS, sirviendo de apoyo por ejemplo para
aquellos países que no cuentan en su delegación con personal especializado en,
por ejemplo, propiedad intelectual. <a href="http://www.ip-watch.org/2015/05/26/who-engagement-with-non-state-actors-no-deal-this-year-work-to-continue/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+ip-watch+%28Intellectual+Property+Watch%29">No fue posible llegar a un acuerdo</a> y las <a href="http://www.ip-watch.org/2013/06/25/who-wrestles-with-engagement-of-non-state-actors/">discusiones</a>
fueron postergadas a una reunión a celebrarse posteriormente en Ginebra entre
Estados miembros con un <a href="http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA68/A68_ACONF3Rev1-sp.pdf">documento
provisional</a>.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
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</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Más allá de las discusiones, resoluciones y planes de
acción de una Asamblea que la DG, y de nuevo no por primera vez, resumió como
la <a href="https://www.unglobalcompact.org/">más exitosa de todas</a>; la OMS
debe hacer frente a una crisis que no se soluciona con más fondos,
reestructuraciones internas o campañas de sensibilización. La <a href="http://devpolicy.org/do-we-need-the-who-20150203/">proliferación</a> de
actores con igual o mayor conocimiento técnico pero con mejores capacidades
para la movilización de material y personal en contextos de crisis; la
consolidación de una visión desde el Sur Global que pone en entredicho la
imparcialidad y legitimidad de un conjunto de organizaciones que se encuentran
en su gran mayoría en Occidente y cuyo personal es esencialmente occidental; la
multiplicación de actores activos en el ámbito de la Salud Global desde Bancos
Multilaterales (<a href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/health">Banco
Mundial</a>, <a href="http://www.iadb.org/es/temas/salud/salud-y-el-bid,9890.html">Banco
Interamericano de Desarrollo</a>) a entes monotemáticos como <a href="http://www.gavi.org/">GAVI</a> producto de la nueva arquitectura
institucional en el campo sanitario como
el <a href="http://www.theglobalfund.org/">Global Fund</a> o <a href="http://www.unitaid.eu/">UNITAID</a> y, por último, la ya mencionada tendencia de
los donantes a proporcionar fondos para
programas específicos exclusivamente para aquellas acciones/actividades
coherentes con sus agendas exteriores.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Si bien la OMS está lejos de ser irrelevante en la esfera
internacional, no lo está tanto de convertirse simplemente en escenario
simbólico donde, una vez cada año, los representantes de Estados y otros
actores activos en el ámbito de la salud pública viajan a Ginebra y escenifican
un ritual de dialogo, discusión y eventuales acuerdos; sin mayores
consecuencias para la salud de millones de personas. Una posibilidad que erosionaría,
aún más si cabe, la noción de una sociedad internacional donde los Estados son
iguales entre ellos y la cooperación guía sus actos. </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><u>Más Información</u></span></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.ip-watch.org/2015/05/24/who-advances-r-global-rd-observatory-to-launch-in-january/">WHO Advances R&D Financing Effort; Global R&D Observatory To Launch In January </a><a href="http://www.ip-watch.org/author/catherine/">Catherine Saez</a> and <a href="http://www.ip-watch.org/author/william/">William New</a> <a href="http://www.ip-watch.org/">IP-Watch</a> 24 de mayo 2015 </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/india-steers-world-health-assembly-vision-landmark-event-concludes"> Landmark resolutions at WHA but old problems persist </a><a href="http://www.governancenow.com/users/shreerupa">Shreerupa Mitra-Jha </a><a href="http://www.governancenow.com/">Governance Now</a>28 de mayo 2015 </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://agendaglobal.redtercermundo.org.uy/2015/06/04/plan-mundial-resistencia/">Un plan mundial contra la resistencia a los antibióticos</a> Martin Khor <a href="http://agendaglobal.redtercermundo.org.uy/">Red del Tercer Mundo</a>5 de junio 2015</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>A través de @OnadaExpansiva </u></span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/PublicHealth?src=hash">#PublicHealth</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/WHA68?src=hash">#WHA68</a>: Experts Discuss Delinking Drug R&D Costs From Pricing To Make Them Affordable <a href="http://t.co/9SuY6BMjPS">http://www.ip-watch.org/2015/05/25/wha-68-experts-discuss-delinking-drug-rd-costs-from-pricing-to-make-them-affordable/?utm_source=IP-Watch+Subscribers&utm_campaign=efaaf42ba7-DAILY_SUMMARY&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_b78685696b-efaaf42ba7-352136721 …</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/wnewip">@wnewip</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/ipwatch">@ipwatch 26 de mayo 2015 </a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/SaludPublica?src=hash">#SaludPublica</a> ¿Quién gobierna la salud en el mundo? <a href="http://t.co/x9JWuiz74A">http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/salud/quien-gobierna-salud-elmundo-articulo-561207 …</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/ifarma">@ifarma</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/claudiavaca5">@claudiavaca5</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/TatianaAndia">@TatianaAndia</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/elespectador">@elespectador</a> v <a href="https://twitter.com/juditrius">@juditrius</a> 21 de mayo 2015 </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/PublicHealth?src=hash">#PublicHealth</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/WHA68?src=hash">#WHA68</a> Greek Minister of Health calls 4 de-linkage of R&D frm price of <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/healthtechnologies?src=hash">#healthtechnologies</a> <a href="http://t.co/cvLHdIPMXH">http://keionline.org/node/2232 </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/ThiruGeneva">@ThiruGeneva</a> 20 de mayo 2015</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: blue;"></span> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">
</h1>
<div id="stcpDiv" style="left: -1988px; position: absolute; top: -1999px;">
<span class="authors"><a href="http://www.governancenow.com/users/shreerupa">Shreerupa Mitra-Jha</a></span> </div>
<div id="stcpDiv" style="left: -1988px; position: absolute; top: -1999px;">
Landmark
resolutions at WHA but old problems persist - See more at:
http://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/india-steers-world-health-assembly-vision-landmark-event-concludes#sthash.YcCttgWO.ue1oEHl3.dpuf</div>
<div id="stcpDiv" style="left: -1988px; position: absolute; top: -1999px;">
Landmark
resolutions at WHA but old problems persist - See more at:
http://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/india-steers-world-health-assembly-vision-landmark-event-concludes#sthash.YcCttgWO.ue1oEHl3.dpuf</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2814330838470356389.post-41869439822711211992015-06-17T09:22:00.002-07:002015-06-17T09:22:35.772-07:00Who’s Afraid of African Democracy?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">We reproduce a short piece by Helen Epstein (<span style="font-size: x-small;">author of "<a href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2003/jul/17/aids-in-south-africa-the-invisible-cure/">The invisible Cure</a>" on the fight against AIDS in Africa</span>) in the <a href="http://www.nybooks.com/">New York Review of Books </a> reviewing Adam Branch and Zachariah Mampilly’s <a href="http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/A/bo20500251.html"><i>Africa Uprising: Popular Protest and Political Change</i></a> and simultaneously addressing the latest episodes of social and political unrest in the African continent (notably Burundi but also Burkina and the DRC with mentions to Senegal and Uganda) within a larger framework of Western support to autocratic and seemingly perpetual regimes in the region.<i> </i>A backing rooted in the adjustment programs dictated by the IMF and World Bank and renewed with the so-called War on Terror. <span style="font-size: x-small;">We have added hyperlinks and some context material at the end.</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<br />
<br />
<section class="blog_post_body"><div class="inline inline-type-blog-image inline-id-3412 inline-position-center" id="blog-image-3412">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a class="poppable" href="http://www.nybooks.com/media/img/blogimages/burundian-police.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" src="http://www.nybooks.com/media/img/blogimages/burundian-police_jpg_600x587_q85.jpg" height="249" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Ndabashinze Renovat/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images
Security forces facing off with protesters in Bujumbura, Burundi, May 20, 2015
</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<header><h3>
Who’s Afraid of African Democracy? <a href="http://www.nybooks.com/contributors/helen-epstein-2/?tab=tab-blog">Helen Epstein</a><a href="http://www.nybooks.com/"> New York Review of Books</a> May 21, 2015 </h3>
</header>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Poor Burundi. Landlocked, tiny, and known mainly for ethnic conflict,
it was for years the subject of one of the most intense international
peace-building efforts in history. By the time the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arusha_Accords">Arusha Peace Agreement</a> was finally signed in 2003, 300,000 Burundians had died in a
civil war rivaling in ferocity that of its neighbor Rwanda. Huge sums
had been invested in grassroots workshops, high-level meetings and
summits to end the fighting. According to Burundi specialist <a href="http://africanarguments.org/life-after-violence/">Peter Uvin</a>,
taxi drivers in the capital Bujumbura joke that the per diems received
during these protracted negotiations built the poshest neighborhood in
the city. Now, a decade after the peace process came to what seemed a
successful conclusion, and despite billions of dollars in humanitarian
aid, the country appears to be <a href="http://t.co/ssRyBcs0rY">falling apart again</a>.
</span></span></div>
</section><section class="blog_post_body"><a name='more'></a><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
In April, President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Nkurunziza">Pierre Nkurunziza</a>, in power since 2005, announced
he’d be running for a third term in elections scheduled for June.
Opposition supporters, church leaders, student and civil society groups,
much of the international community, and even many in Nkurunziza’s own
party say this violates the Arusha agreement, which limits a president
to two terms in office. They also accuse Nkurunziza—a former warlord who
became a born-again Christian and travels with his own Hallelujah
football club and choir—of presiding over a regime of corruption
remarkable even by East African standards. Many also claim President
Nkurunziza has condoned politically motivated killings of opposition
figures and provided tacit government support to an armed militia known
as <a href="http://www.irinnews.org/report/101418/who-are-the-imbonerakure-and-is-burundi-unravelling">Imbonerakure</a>, which could be deployed to intimidate voters during the
election.</span></span></div>
<br /><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Thousands of Burundians took to the streets in mid-April to protest
Nkurunziza’s plans to run for office again. <a href="http://t.co/vbQ7HyJp7z">Hundreds were arrested</a> and
perhaps twenty—the number is disputed—<a href="http://t.co/Vm34JyjOFp">were killed</a>. Security forces were
split, with some in the army on the side of the people. On May 13, a
group of army officers led by former intelligence chief <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godefroid_Niyombare">Godefroid Niyombare</a> announced they’d ousted Nkurunziza, to much rejoicing in
Bujumbura. Nkurunziza was in Tanzania discussing the crisis with other
African leaders, but he quickly snuck back across the border where he
was met by his own forces and retook the capital a couple of days later. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
Niyombare is said to be on the run, and most of his fellow coup
plotters have been arrested. Three who were wounded were subsequently
shot in their hospital beds by men in police uniforms as horrified
nurses, doctors, and other patients looked on. An estimated hundred
thousand refugees have fled to neighboring countries. The protestors are
continuing their demonstrations, while Nkurunziza seems determined to
go ahead with his plans to stand for reelection. On Wednesday, <a href="http://www.rfi.fr/">Radio France Internationale</a> <a href="http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20150521-burundi-reportage-musaga-quartier-contestataire-peur-habitants/">reported</a>
that police in Bujumbura had cordoned off an entire neighborhood and
were shooting at anti-third term activists among their homes</span></span>.
</div>
</section><section class="blog_post_body"><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">What makes events in this tiny country so important, and so
heartbreaking, is that they are part of a recent pattern that actually
seemed hopeful. When protest movements swept across the Middle East
region—in Iran in 2009 and then in the Arab Spring countries—they didn’t
stop at the Sahara desert. In their new book <a href="http://www.zedbooks.co.uk/node/20802"><i>Africa Uprising</i></a> (@ZedBooks),
<a href="http://africanarguments.org/2015/03/23/africa-uprising-popular-protest-and-political-change-interview-with-the-authors/">Adam Branch and Zachariah Mampilly</a> (</span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a class="ProfileCard-screennameLink u-linkComplex js-nav" data-aria-label-part="" href="https://twitter.com/Ras_Karya">@<span class="u-linkComplex-target">Ras_Karya</span></a>) document more than ninety political
protests in forty African countries in the past decade—most in the past
six years. Many have had the same aim as those in the Middle East: to
force corrupt leaders out of power.
</span></span></div>
</section><section class="blog_post_body"><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Some have been encouraging: after Senegal’s Constitutional Court
ruled—under duress, some say—that President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdoulaye_Wade">Abdoulaye Wade</a> could run for
what many maintained was an unconstitutional third term in the 2012
elections, people poured onto the streets in outrage. Police in riot
gear fired <a href="http://t.co/v0Wui9iM">tear gas and rubber bullets</a>, and a handful of protesters were
killed. But the country’s citizens got their point across. Wade lost
the election and conceded defeat.</span></span></div>
<br /><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">There’s also cautious optimism about Burkina Faso. When President
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9">Blaise Compaoré</a> tried to strongarm the National Assembly into removing
term limits so he could contest the 2015 election, hundreds of thousands
of people gathered in front of the building while some forced their way
in. He was <a href="http://t.co/IFW8sVS38W">deposed in October 2014</a>, and an interim military council is
now organizing elections to take place later this year. And when
<a href="http://t.co/3tmyQi6oLt">demonstrators</a> in the Democratic Republic of Congo took to the streets of
Kinshasa in January, they managed to halt President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kabila">Joseph Kabila</a>’s
attempt to alter the constitution, which would have extended his term
beyond its end date of 2016.</span></div>
<br /><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Attempts at tyrant-removal are unlikely to end anytime soon. Over two
dozen African countries are headed for elections in the next two years,
including Uganda, Rwanda, Ethiopia, South Sudan, and other countries
whose leaders have signaled an intention to <a href="http://t.co/LXce05YUt9">remain in office no matter what</a>. Protest movements in some of these countries are gathering force,
and army commanders are quietly choosing sides between the autocrats and
the people. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Why do so many African leaders assume they can ignore their constitutions, cling to power, and get away with it?</span></div>
<br /><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">In order to understand this epidemic of folly, it’s important to
appreciate how much influence the West has over these countries—either
through <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jul/15/aid-africa-west-looting-continent">foreign aid</a> given bilaterally, via institutions such as the
<a href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/afr">World Bank</a>, or in the form of clandestine military support. For example,
Western aid pays for half of Burundi’s budget, roughly 40 percent of
Rwanda’s, 50 percent of Ethiopia’s and 30 percent of Uganda’s . All
these countries receive an unknown amount of <a href="http://www.state.gov/t/pm/c17671.htm">military aid</a> as well. This
money enables African leaders to ignore the demands of their own people,
and facilitates the financing of the patronage systems and security
machinery that keeps them in power.
</span></div>
<div class="inline inline-type-blog-image inline-id-3413 inline-position-center" id="blog-image-3413">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a class="poppable" href="http://www.nybooks.com/media/img/blogimages/pierre-nkurunziza.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" src="http://www.nybooks.com/media/img/blogimages/pierre-nkurunziza_jpg_600x626_q85.jpg" height="266" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Michael Reynolds/epa/Corbis
Burundian President Pierre Nkurunziza and his wife, Denise Bucumi,
attending an Africa Leaders Summit at the White House, Washington, DC,
August 5, 2014</span></span> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
problems started with the debt crisis in the 1970s. African countries
that had borrowed and spent lavishly in the years following independence
found themselves unable to repay the commercial banks that had lent
them money. The Western nations, via the World Bank and International
Monetary Fund, took over and restructured these loans, but demanded
large <a href="http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/debt_1999_04.htm">public spending cuts</a>. Huge numbers of teachers, nurses, doctors,
and other public servants lost their jobs; programs to expand health
care and education, improve roads and bring water and electricity to
rural areas ground to a halt; poverty deepened; infant mortality rose. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">In many cases, the new austerity programs, intended to lead to more
efficient government, instead encouraged unprecedented corruption. Those
who managed to hold on to government and civil service jobs scrambled
to grab whatever they could for themselves and their increasingly
dependent extended families. This patronage system helped control
dissent, as many African leaders used what Cameroonians term “the
politics of the belly”—bribery—to compromise their critics and coopt
opposition groups. But it also led to <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/02/opinion/africas-slide-toward-disaster.html?_r=0">deteriorating public services</a>, as I
documented in Uganda, where the maternal mortality rate in the largest
referral hospital had increased seven-fold since the days of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idi_Amin">Idi Amin,</a>
according to a World Bank consultant who had worked there in the 1970s.</span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The continent’s foreign aid donors were not oblivious to these
problems. They knew that this new loan regime, known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_adjustment">Structural Adjustment</a>, would hurt huge numbers of people. For example, in a
notorious 1981 <a href="http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=469072&piPK=64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000178830_98101911444774">World Bank report</a>
about the program , the authors acknowledge that some reforms would be
resisted by “consumers and producers, parastatal managers, civil
servants and industrialists,”—meaning just about everybody in the
nations involved. The state had to be “willing to take strong action on
internal problems,” the report continued. As Branch and Mampilly note,
many African scholars interpreted this as tacit donor permission for
repression in countries receiving loans. This would be consistent with
the donors’ tendency to look the other way when Adjustment-friendly
leaders—like Burkina Faso’s Compaoré, Cote D’Ivoire’s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Houphou%C3%ABt-Boigny">Félix Houphouët-Boigny</a>, Uganda’s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni">Museveni</a> and Kenya’s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_arap_Moi">Daniel Arap Moi</a>—jailed,
murdered, or exiled their critics. The donors’ tolerance for human
rights abuses may help explain why, when ethnic discrimination and
repression escalated into genocide, as it did in Rwanda and Burundi, the
international community did nothing until it was far too late.
</span></span></div>
</section><section class="blog_post_body"><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Another reason so many African leaders feel they can afford to ignore
their own people has to do with America’s “<a href="http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/6/africom-u-s-war-onterrorisminafricaalshabaabbokoharam.html">War on Terror</a>.” During the
1990s, the Clinton administration began securing military ties with
African leaders who seemed willing to cooperate in the fight against
what Clinton officials saw as the rising threat of Islamic militancy on
the continent. These ties <a href="http://www.cfr.org/content/thinktank/Lyman_chapter_Terrorism.pdf">have only grown</a> in the years after September
11. According to journalist Nick Turse (</span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="ProfileCard-screennameLink u-linkComplex js-nav" data-aria-label-part="" href="https://twitter.com/NickTurse">@<span class="u-linkComplex-target">NickTurse</span></a>), the US military has sponsored
more than <a href="http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/175830/tomgram%3A_nick_turse,_africom_becomes_a_%22war-fighting_combatant_command%22">one thousand African missions</a> since 2011, with countries such
as Nkurunziza’s Burundi, along with <a href="http://world.time.com/2012/07/03/countering-al-shabab-how-the-war-on-terror-is-being-fought-in-east-africa/">Rwanda, Ethiopia, Chad, and Uganda</a>,
deploying troops and guards across Africa and the Middle East at
America’s behest. The primary purpose of this seems to be to monitor and
prevent the emergence of terrorist groups in weak states. But it’s no
coincidence that the US’s military allies in Africa have often used
security forces against their own critics at home. As the events in
Burundi suggest, providing support to ugly regimes may ultimately
undermine the very stability we are supposedly seeking.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Now, fed up with decades of lies, plunder and abuse, Africans across
the continent are finally rising up to challenge these Western-backed
thugs. Some have been inspired by protests elsewhere in the world; some
are united in new ways by Facebook, Twitter, and chat programs. Foreign
aid has also brought thousands of NGOs into Africa. Not all are
effective, but their American and European employees and volunteers
have, naively or not, exposed African people to liberal Western
attitudes and ideals of human rights as never before. </span></span></div>
<br /><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Branch and Mampilly lament that whereas past African protest
movements had clear ideologies, like Independence, African Nationalism
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism,</a> the only thing today’s protesters appear to want is
the removal of the current leadership of their countries. But this lack
of a grand objective may not be such a bad thing, as long as whoever
takes over pursues a modest program of obeying the rule of law,
eschewing corruption and respecting human rights. This is why this
spring’s election in Nigeria, in which incumbent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan">Goodluck Jonathan</a>
graciously conceded defeat, was so welcome. Some opposition supporters
had threatened violence if it felt the election was rigged, but this
proved unnecessary. Though Nigeria’s new leader, former General
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari">Muhammadu Buhari</a>, behaved like a tyrant when he briefly ruled the
country between 1983 and 1985, he also cracked down on corruption. For
two years, Nigerians formed orderly lines at bus stops, the streets were
clean, and politicians didn’t steal. Many Nigerians, exasperated with
their supremely corrupt country, are hoping for a spell of modest
probity, as long as Buhari honors his promise to respect human rights
this time. If we’re seeing the dawn of a new movement, let’s forgive it
for lacking a glamorous label. Right now, it’s the best hope this
beleaguered continent has.</span></div>
<br />
<hr />
Adam Branch and Zachariah Mampilly’s <a href="http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/A/bo20500251.html"><i>Africa Uprising: Popular Protest and Political Change</i></a> is published by Zed Books and distributed by the University of Chicago Press.<br />
Original Url. http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2015/may/21/burundi-whos-afraid-african-democracy/ </section><section class="blog_post_body"><br />
</section><section class="blog_post_body"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><u><b>More Info</b></u></span></span></section><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Africa Uprising reviewed by <a href="http://socialistreview.org.uk/401/africa-uprising">Ken Olende</a> <a href="http://www.socialistreview.org.uk/">Socialist Review </a>UK April 2015 </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.thenation.com/article/204145/us-carried-out-674-military-operations-africa-last-year-did-you-hear-about-any-them?utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=socialflow#">The US Carried Out 674 Military Operations in Africa Last Year. Did You Hear About Any of Them?</a> <a href="http://www.thenation.com/authors/nick-turse">Nick Turse</a> <a href="http://www.thenation.com/">The Nation</a> April 14 2015 </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.pambazuka.net/en/category.php/comment/94042#.VPMX3XLCZIY.twitter">Africa rising: Myth or reality? </a>Sungu Oyoo (<a href="https://twitter.com/Sungu_Oyoo">@Sungu_Oyoo</a>) <a href="http://www.pambazuka.net/"> Pambazuka </a>February 2015 </span></li>
</ul>
<u><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">In the blog </span></u><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2013/03/somalilandia-sobirania-sense.html">Somalilàndia, sobirania sense reconeixement formal.</a> March 2013 </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2011/08/five-myths-about-africa.html">Five Myths about Africa</a> August 2011 </span></span></li>
<li> <span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2011/08/affaire-zongo-la-force-de-la-justice.html">Affaire Zongo. La force de la justice contre la violence du pouvoir </a>August 2011 </span></span></li>
<li> <span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2011/08/libye-cote-divoire-des-interventions.html">Libye, Côte d’Ivoire: des interventions qui se ressemblent </a>August 2011 </span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBtPA9JMejPiLqKEqQWUk3Q">Onada Expansiva Redux</a> (youtube channel) </span></span><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="vm-video-title-content yt-uix-sessionlink" data-sessionlink="ei=t5mBVdOGD42u-wW2wIOAAQ" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFvB9jF3RCY">La Guerra en Angola (Miguel Fleitas, Cuba 1976)</a></span></li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span class="yt-uix-form-input-checkbox-container video-checkbox-container"></span><a class="vm-video-title-content yt-uix-sessionlink" data-sessionlink="ei=t5mBVdOGD42u-wW2wIOAAQ" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_uIDzI05P4">Une mort de style colonial (Patrice Lumumba) (Thomas Giefer,2008)</a></span> </li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="vm-video-title-content yt-uix-sessionlink" data-sessionlink="ei=t5mBVdOGD42u-wW2wIOAAQ" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ze14hD2k_T0">Ghosts Of Rwanda (Greg Barker, PBS, 2004)</a></span></li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span class="yt-uix-form-input-checkbox-container video-checkbox-container"></span> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="vm-video-title-content yt-uix-sessionlink" data-sessionlink="ei=t5mBVdOGD42u-wW2wIOAAQ" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=boRQjM9NaXc">Iron Ladies of Liberia (Why Democracy 09) (Siatta Scott Johnson, Daniel Junge,BBC, 2011</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span class="yt-uix-form-input-checkbox-container video-checkbox-container"></span><a class="vm-video-title-content yt-uix-sessionlink" data-sessionlink="ei=RZqBVfaAM86i-wWVso_gBA" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b9wIrK20Rjc">Afrique 50 (Rene Vautier,1949)</a> </span> </li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><u>Through @OnadaExpansiva </u></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span><ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The War in <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Africa?src=hash">#Africa</a> the <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/US?src=hash">#US</a> Military Won't Admit It's Fighting <a href="http://t.co/cgrsUtVOw5">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/bryan-maygers/nick-turse-tomorrows-battlefield_b_7480360.html …</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/NickTurse">@NickTurse</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/bmaygers">@bmaygers</a> v <a href="https://twitter.com/BenToumert">@BenToumert</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Africom?src=hash">#Africom</a> June 5 2015</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Corporate <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/TaxDodging?src=hash">#TaxDodging</a> Cheats <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Africa?src=hash">#Africa</a> Out of 6 Billion $. Sean Buchanan <a href="http://t.co/cXOWp6NZy6">http://www.ipsnews.net/2015/06/corporate-tax-dodging-cheats-africa-out-of-6-billion-dollars-says-oxfam/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=corporate-tax-dodging-cheats-africa-out-of-6-billion-dollars-says-oxfam&utm_source=ipsnews&utm_medium=twitter …</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/ipsnews">@ipsnews</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/Oxfam">@Oxfam</a> brief <a href="http://t.co/bUrToygd6u">http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/africa-rising-for-the-few-556037 …</a> June 2 2015</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/book?src=hash">#book</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/tomburgis">@tomburgis</a>"The Looting Machine"Warlords, Tycoons,Smugglers & Systematic Theft of <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Africa?src=hash">#Africa</a>’s Wealth <a href="http://t.co/oAjQ3tJAXu">http://econ.st/1GPsbr3 </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/TheEconomist">@TheEconomist</a> April 12 2015 </span></li>
</ul>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2814330838470356389.post-63763426900026085082015-06-15T10:53:00.000-07:002015-06-16T04:22:28.452-07:00Tarnac: le procès de l'antiterrorisme français<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">On reprend une tribune de David Dufresne (@davduf), auteur de "<a href="http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2013/02/BONELLI/48776">Tarnac, magasin General</a>" après de la décision du parquet antiterroriste de Paris de renvoyer le cas Tarnac (qui traine <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2012/03/16/l-affaire-tarnac-en-16-dates_803453">depuis 200</a>9 et a connu une instruction judico-mediatique hors-norme) devant le Tribunal Correctionnel ; en accusant <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_Coupat">Julien Coupat </a>et deux co-accusés de "Terrorisme". <span style="font-size: x-small;">On a ajouté des hyperliens et matériel de contexte à la fin du texte</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Manifestation le 21 Juin 2009 à Paris en soutien pour les 9 personnes du groupe Tarnac mises en examen dans le cadre d´une enquete dans des sabotages contre des lignes TVG .Image extraite du blog de <a href="http://opa-infos.over-blog.com/">L'Orchestre Poétique d'Avant-guerre - O.P.<span style="color: black;">A</span></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Tarnac : quand le parquet s’enflamme <span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.liberation.fr/auteur/4408-david-dufresne">David Dufresne</a> </span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.liberation.fr/">Libération </a>28 mai 2015</span></span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Le parquet antiterroriste de Paris a un mérite :
il accomplit sa tâche avec cœur. Il a une limite : il écoute plus son
cœur que la raison. Et son <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2015/05/07/la-bande-de-tarnac-menacee-d-un-proces_1297529" target="_blank">réquisitoire du 7 mai dans l’affaire dite «de Tarnac»</a>,
du nom du village corrézien où vivent des militants anarchistes
soupçonnés d’avoir dégradé des caténaires SNCF en novembre 2008, est le
signe tangible de la fidélité du parquet à sa réputation : il montre
beaucoup d’amour dans sa demande de renvoi de Julien Coupat et de deux
de ses amies devant le tribunal correctionnel pour terrorisme.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Pas moins de cent trente-cinq pages, qui font fi des entorses de l’enquête - balises pas tout à fait légales, <i>«sonorisations»</i>
autorisées sans l’être, filatures gruyères, des t<a href="http://www.liberation.fr/societe/0101313952-tarnac-le-temoin-contre-coupat-serait-un-mythomane">émoins mythomanes</a>, <a href="http://t.co/AH3PaUng">un policier infiltré</a>, des PV contradictoires, etc. Une déclaration assortie
d’un long passage (9 pages) sur la <i>«lutte médiatico-procédurale»</i> de l’affaire.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">C’est qu’en amour, le parquet est jaloux. Le droit à communiquer à la
presse, lui qui est moyennement soumis au secret de l’instruction, il
l’aime exclusif. Et voilà l’autorité judiciaire pestant contre <i>«l’instrumentalisation des médias»</i> toutes ces années durant, contre <i>«la déstabilisation de l’instruction par tous les moyens disponibles»,</i> la communication par la défense d’<i>«informations parcellaires voire faussées à dessein»</i> ou encore la <i>«grande malhonnêteté intellectuelle»</i> des uns (accusés) ou des autres (leurs avocats).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Passé le rire propre aux situations de l’hôpital qui se moque de la
charité - le parquet faisant fuiter ce même réquisitoire à la presse
avant de l’adresser aux mis en examen -, on s’interroge devant tant de
fausse naïveté.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Car on n’ose imaginer le parquet discourtois : dénoncer la presse
parce qu’en l’espèce elle ne s’était pas contentée de discours
prémâchés, serait-ce une manière de la remercier pour toutes les fois où
elle ingurgite les versions policières sans mot dire ?</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Et on n’ose encore moins imaginer le ministère public amnésique,
oubliant ce que la presse se doit d’être : un contre-pouvoir, même si le
parquet a des circonstances atténuantes, la presse elle-même ayant ces
derniers temps une fâcheuse tendance à délaisser sa raison d’être.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Reprenons les faits, et leur chronologie. Le 11 novembre 2008,
11 heures du matin : alors que les perquisitions battent leur plein à
Tarnac, <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Alliot-Marie">Michèle Alliot-Marie</a>, ministre de l’Intérieur, tient une
conférence de presse précipitée. Les accusations, lourdes, sont portées
mieux qu’en direct : elles sont anticipées. Le respect de la présomption
d’innocence ? Piétiné. Sur place, la police rejoue l’arrestation
d’Action directe à Vitry-aux-Loges, cagoules et armes automatiques
sanglées à la cuisse en sus : les images de France 3 feront le tour du
monde, entre surdramatisation et mensonges. <i>Libération</i> titre «L’ultra gauche déraille», France 2 parle de terroristes <i>«tapis dans l’ombre d’une épicerie».</i>
Trois jours plus tard, re-point de presse, avec le procureur lui-même.
Le ton est théâtral, martial, et le qualificatif - tout politique, donc
tout sujet à débat - est lâché : «Terrorisme». Le succès est tel que le
parquet décidera de se doter ensuite d’une salle de presse, avec
pupitre, micros, drapeaux et tout le toutim.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Manifestation nationale a Paris le 31 Janvier 2009 en soutien aux inculpés de l´antiterrorisme à Tarnac. Enregistré par Yann Beauvais chez <a class=" yt-uix-sessionlink spf-link g-hovercard" data-name="" data-sessionlink="ei=cBB_VZG1B4bsiwbZgIHYCA" data-ytid="UC6evEAa--4i0Mwf2QVA68JA" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6evEAa--4i0Mwf2QVA68JA">Manifestons!</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">C’est bien là le péché originel de l’affaire : en choisissant de
spectaculariser leur assaut, Intérieur et Justice ont joué avec le feu.
Oh, un feu connu, d’ordinaire si bien dompté mais qui, cette fois, s’est
propagé. On connaît l’incendie : depuis, l’affaire, en soi dérisoire,
empoisonne le pouvoir (un certain <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande">François Hollande</a> a même écrit, un
jour de 2009 : <i>«Au nom de quel intérêt supérieur de l’Etat le
gouvernement a-t-il engagé une telle médiatisation de cette opération
qui se retourne aujourd’hui contre lui ?»</i> Le même en 2015 se tait).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Le billet doux du parquet ne changera rien. Qu’il le veuille ou non,
le procès de l’antiterrorisme aura lieu car il en va souvent ainsi : le
terrorisme se définit par ceux qui le nomment. Juger le terrorisme,
c’est jauger son arsenal anti. C’est en cela que l’affaire «de Tarnac»
est si éloquente et qu’elle raconte l’époque, qui répond désormais par
le liberticide projet de loi sur le renseignement. A la lecture de ce
réquisitoire, on devine mieux, aussi, pourquoi on a <a href="http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2015/05/12/nouveau-palais-de-justice-taubira-demande-la-suppression-du-brouillage_1308000">jugé bon de ne pas doter de box de presse le futur palais de justice de Paris</a>. Ça doit être l’amour fou.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Url Originale http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2015/05/28/tarnac-quand-le-parquet-s-enflamme_1318503?utm_campaign=Echobox&utm_medium=Social&utm_source=Twitter#link_time=1433073806</span></div>
<br />
<b><u>Plus d´Info </u></b><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><div class="copy-paste-block">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2014/02/14/a-droite-comme-a-gauche-l-antiterrorisme-est-un-mode-de-gouvernement_4366213_3232.html#uKlaHZhDMEG14vpE.99">Le groupe de Tarnac : "L'antiterrorisme est un mode de gouvernement"</a><b> </b>Christophe Becker, Mathieu Burnel, Julien Coupat, Bertrand Deveaud, Manon Glibert, Gabrielle Hallez, Elsa Hauck, Yildune Lévy, Benjamin Rosoux, Aria Thomas,
mis en examen dans l' "affaire de Tarnac", notamment pour
"association de malfaiteurs en relation avec une entreprise terroriste" <a href="http://www.lemonde.fr/">Le Monde</a></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">14 Février 2014 </span></span> </div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.lapresse.ca/international/europe/201211/10/01-4592441-affaire-tarnac-ce-sera-le-proces-de-lantiterrorisme-francais.php">Affaire Tarnac: «Ce sera le procès de l'antiterrorisme français»</a><a href="http://recherche.cyberpresse.ca/cyberpresse/search/theme/cyberpresse/template/result?q=&fq[]=author%3AMarc+Thibodeau&sort=recent"> Marc Thibodeau</a> 10 Novembre 2012 <a href="http://www.lapresse.ca/">La Presse </a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://owni.fr/2012/10/05/la-terreur-dans-le-miroir-antiterrorisme-manuel-valls/">La terreur dans le miroir</a><a href="http://owni.fr/author/guillaumedasquie/"> Guillaume Dasquié</a> <a href="http://owni.fr/">OWNI</a> Octobre 2012 </span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Sur le blog</u> </span></span><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/2011/08/exclusion-indignacion-y-alienacion-la.html">Exclusión, Indignación y alienación. La insurrección que viene</a> Aout 2011</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://onadaexpansiva.blogspot.com.es/p/francais_29.html"> Section français</a></span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Sur @OnadaExpansiva</u></span></span><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/France?src=hash">#France</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/r%C3%A9pression?src=hash">#répression</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Antiterrorisme?src=hash">#Antiterrorisme</a> : on ne juge pas un ennemi,on le combat <a href="http://t.co/Hv6FdwpleH">http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2014/07/21/antiterrorisme-on-ne-juge-pas-un-ennemi-on-le-combat_1067810 …</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/libe">@libe</a> v <a href="https://twitter.com/Rezonet">@Rezonet</a> cc <a href="https://twitter.com/notav">@notav</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Tarnac?src=hash">#Tarnac</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/NoTAV?src=hash">#NoTAV</a> 7/13 </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Tarnac?src=hash">#Tarnac</a> Quatre heures avec <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/JulienCoupat?src=hash">#JulienCoupat</a> pour refaire l’histoire <a href="http://t.co/6JRivlKu">http://www.rue89.com/2012/11/12/quatre-heures-avec-julien-coupat-pour-refaire-lhistoire-de-tarnac-236966 …</a> … <a href="https://twitter.com/CamillePolloni">@CamillePolloni</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/Rue89">@Rue89</a> v <a href="https://twitter.com/Rezonet">@Rezonet</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/r%C3%A9pression?src=hash">#répression</a> 11/12 </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Tarnac?src=hash">#Tarnac</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/snitch?src=hash">#snitch</a> accused of <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/fakeclaims?src=hash">#fakeclaims</a> <a href="http://t.co/AH3PaUng">http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2012/nov/08/mark-kennedy-accused-fantasist-french …</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/achrisafis">@achrisafis</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/PaulLewis">@PaulLewis</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/robevansgdn">@robevansgdn</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/guardian">@guardian</a> v <a href="https://twitter.com/davduf">@davduf</a> 11/12 </span></span></li>
</ul>
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